Carbohydrates
What are: Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
Monosaccharides --> single sugars
Disaccharides --> Pairs of monosaccharides
Polysaccharides --> Chains of monosaccharides
What are triglycerides?
Glycerol and three fatty acids
(too big to absorb so we must digest it)
What is Bioavailability?
The ectent to which a nutrient is absorbed.
Six classes of nutrients
Carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals, lipids(fats), water
Excess sugars are stored as ___ (You ____ turn the fat back into glucose)
Fat, cannot
The brain uses _____ as its primary energy source. Muscles store carbohydrates in the form of ______ (____saccharide)(Storage form of carbohydrates in _____)
Glucose, Glycogen --> polysaccharide, animals
What are fatty acids?
They can be saturated or unsaturated and have an even number of carbons in their backbone
What is Peristalsis?
The circular and longitudinal muscles working together to push intestinal contents along
Reverse perstalsis is puking
Nutrient composition in the body
Water
Fat
Protein, carbs, and major minerals of the bones
What is DRI, RDA, and AMBR?
DRI = Daily recommended intake
RDA = Recommended dietary allowance (good for majority of Americans)
AMDR = Acceptable macronutrient Distribution Range (Example - 45%-65% carbs)
Monosaccharides include:
Glucose (blood sugar, essential energy source, part of every disaccharide), Fructose (sweetest of the sugar), Galactose (in a few foods)
What fatty acids have single bonds, 1 double bond, and more than 1 double bond?
Saturated fatty acids --> single bonds, 0 double bonds
(MUFA) MonoUnsaturated fatty acids --> 1 double bond
(PUFA) PolyUnsaturated fatty acids --> more than 1 double bond
What is segmentation?
The contraction of circular muscles in the small intestine, this mixes chyme and promotes contact with digestive juices and absorption cells
Sphincter contractions, periodically open and close and ctron the pace of movement of GI tract contents
Chemical nutrients
Energy
Nutrients
Phytochemicals
What is the upper limit?
The maximum amount of nutrients you can have without side effects
Disaccharides include:
Maltose (two glucose units), Sucrose (glucose and fructose), Lactose (galactose and glucose)
(Pairs of monosaccharides)
What are Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids?
Important for brain and eye health, but we can't make it so we must eat it, we can eat it and add on carbons
18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids
CH3 is known as the omega end of the fatty acid (Methyl end)
The Omega # represents the location of the closest double bond from the methyl end
WHat are the secretions of digestion?
Salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver, and small intestines
Secretions include water and enzymes
Essential nutrients
Needed from outside the body, normally from foods
Needed because our bodies can't make it or can't make enough of it
The enzyme that breaks down a nutrient ends in _____
Ase
Ex. Maltase breaks down maltose, Lactase breaks down lactose, Sucrase breaks down sucrose
Polysaccharides include:
Complex carbs
(chain of monosaccharides)
Examples: glycogen, starch
What is Linolenic acid?
An essential fatty acid, we cannot make it so we must eat it
Linoleic has 18 carbons n-6 --> omega-6
Linolenic has 18 carbons n-3 --> omega-3
Is fiber digested
No, and it doesn't stop to get absorbed either so it keeps everything in it
Whole foods, processed and ultra-processed.
Whole foods- have not been processed, refined, or altered in any way (fruits, veggies, nuts, seeds)
Processed foods- food that has been changed from its natural state (frozen veggies, fruit juice, cheeses, bread)
Ultra-processed foods- food that has gone through several industrial processes and contains many artificial ingredients (soft drinks, corn chips, fruit gummies, chicken nuggets)
What is a nutrient?
Anything that provides structure, function, or a chemical reaction. We eat food to get nutrients, we must digest and absorb to get them