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100
The antioxidants we covered in class
What are Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and beta-carotene?
100
Which vitamin is sensitive to cooking/heat?
Vitamin C
100
Which people are at the highest risk for poor vitamin D status?
Elderly that don't get out much (nursing home), especially those living in northern states
100
Which 3 organ systems respond when blood calcium is too low or too high
1. Intestines 2. Bones 3. Kidneys
100
What are the food sources for heme and non-heme iron? Which is better absorbed? What percent of average intake are they?
Heme Iron: 10% of daily iron intake. Is absorbed better than non-heme. Found only in animal products. Non-heme iron: 90% of daily iron intake. Less well absorbed. Comes from: both plant and animal derived food.
200
Under normal conditions, most of the oxygen used by the aerobic system is reduced to form _____
What is water and ATP? (however, ~2-5% of oxygen becomes free radicals. Free radicals can cause damage to cell membranes, enzymes, and PRO structures)
200
What do antioxidants do?
-Donate electrons to electron-seeking compounds -Neutralize free radicals -Minimize the formation of new free radicals
200
What group is likely not getting adequate vitamin E?
Elderly-need acidic stomachs
200
Calcium recommendations
adolescents 18 and younger: 1300 adults: 1000 51+: 1200
200
What is the difference between folate and folic acid?
Folate is found naturally in foods. It contains the glutamate molecules. Folic acid is found in supplements. It contains only one glutamate molecules.
300
What increases oxidative stress?
– Consuming diets low in antioxidant nutrients – Smoking cigarettes – Living in areas of significant air pollution – diabetes – High activity level – (may put you at increased risk for producing higher levels of cell-damaging free radicals vs. sedentary population)
300
What are the three retinoids (biologically active forms of Vitamin A)?
-Retinol -Retinal -Retinoic Acid
300
What nutrients do whole grains contain more of than enriched grains?
B6, E, magnesium, zinc, and fiber
300
Trabecular bone vs cortical bone
Trabecular is inner and stores calcium deposits Cortical is outer and surrounds trabecular
300
What is the formula for finding DFE? (Dietary Folate Equivalent)
folic acid times 1.7
400
What are food sources that contain vitamin E?
-Sunflower oil/seeds -Almonds -Safflower oil -Canola oil -Mayonnaise/salad dressing -Avocado -Peanut Butter
400
What is a provitamin and what is an example of one?
A provitamin is a substance that can be made into a vitamin in the body. Beta-carotene can be turned into Vitamin A in the body.
400
Regarding vitamin D synthesis, a precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol is made in the liver from
skiiiiiiiiiiin
400
What are risk factors for osteoporosis?
1. Low calcium intake 2. Low vitamin D 3. Caffeine 4. Smoking 5. Inactivity
400
What do neural tube defects affect? How far after conception does this occur?
Affects spinal chord or brain around 21-28 days after conception
500
What is the primary role of Vitamin E?
Vitamin E protects the polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes against oxidative damage
500
What vitamin deficiency causes rickets? When in life does rickets occur?
Poor vitamin D status in infants and children. Rickets is caused by inadequate mineralization of the bones due to poor calcium deposition during growth.
500
With low(high) blood Ca, which hormone is secreted? From where? Stimulates what?
• Parathyroid Hormone from the parathyroid glands that regulates blood Ca by raising it when levels fall too low (more common) • Calcitonin – a hormone from the thyroid gland that regulates blood Ca by lowering it when levels rise too high Parathyroid raises. Calcitonin lowers.
500
Which two proteins are where most of body proteins are found?
Hemoglobin: red blood cells Myoglobin: muscles
500
The only reliable source for Vitamin B is _____
Animal foods. nomnomnomnom