Vitamin Vitality
This term refers to adding nutrients back into a food that were lost during processing, whereas fortification is adding nutrients that were never there to begin with.
Enriched
This major mineral is essential for bone health and muscle contraction; low levels can cause tetany or a positive Chvostek’s sign
calcium
This type of extracellular fluid is found specifically within the blood vessels (plasma)
Intravascular fluid
This muscular ring acts as a "gatekeeper," controlling the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach.
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter)
On the pH scale, a value of 7.35 to 7.45 represents this for human arterial blood.
Normal (or Slightly Alkaline)
Deficiencies in this B-complex vitamin, also known as B9, can lead to neural tube defects in newborns.
Folate (or Folic Acid)
To increase the absorption of Iron (a trace mineral), the nurse should instruct the patient to avoid these "interfering factors" like tannins and phytates found in these two beverages
Tea and Coffee
This measurement refers to the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of solvent, often used to describe the concentration of blood.
Osmolality
These biological catalysts, such as amylase and lipase, break down macronutrients into absorbable units.
Digestive Enzymes
These two organ systems are the primary regulators for maintaining acid-base balance in the body.
Lungs (Respiratory) and Kidneys (Renal)
This fat-soluble vitamin is essential for blood clotting; a deficiency may present as excessive bruising or bleeding.
Vitamin K
This trace mineral is vital for thyroid hormone synthesis; a deficiency can lead to a goiter.
Iodine
A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as blood, such as 0.9% Normal Saline, is classified as this
Isotonic
This substance is produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and acts as an emulsifier to break down large fat globules into smaller ones
Bile
This gastrointestinal symptom is a common sign of fluid volume deficit and can lead to poor skin turgor and "tenting.
dehydration (or vomiting/diarrhea)?
A nursing intervention for a patient with a suspected Vitamin C deficiency (Scurvy) would include increasing the intake of these specific food sources
citrus fruits, strawberries, or bell peppers
These are the seven "Major" minerals required by the body in amounts greater than 100mg/day
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, and Sulfur
In a state of fluid volume excess, the cardiovascular system may exhibit these what clinical signs.
hypertension (high BP) and bounding pulses
This organ is the primary site for the chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients.
The Small Intestines
When the body is in a state of dehydration, the kidneys will produce this, defined as a decreased volume of highly concentrated urine.
Oliguria
This B-vitamin requires "Intrinsic Factor" for absorption in the stomach; a deficiency leads to Pernicious Anemia.
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
This mineral is the primary intracellular cation, and its imbalance can lead to life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias.
Potassium
This type of fluid causes water to shift out of the cells and into the extracellular space, potentially causing cells to shrink.
Hypertonic solution
Secreted by the "Chief cells" in the stomach, this inactive enzyme (zymogen) is converted into pepsin to begin protein digestion
Pepsinogen
This life-threatening complication of Diabetes involves the breakdown of fats into ketones, leading to a profound state of Metabolic Acidosis.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)