Energy Requirements
T/F You should eat twice as much in pregnancy because you are eating for 2
False!
This macronutrient is required to support synthesis of maternal and fetal tissues
Protein
T/F Prenatal vitamins are standardized to provide certain amounts of micronutrients
False
This vitamin has diverse biologic functions, most commonly known for its importance in bone health and aiding in the absorption of calcium & phosphorus.
Vitamin D
Iron
Best is heme form - red meat, poultry, fish, seafood (especially oysters)
Non-heme - beans, spinach, lentils, tofu, fortified cereals
Enhance: Vitamin C
Decreases: calcium, phytates, tannins
Calorie needs increase by __ in the first trimester
0
Kcal provided by this macronutrient should make up 10-35% of total kcal needs, or about 1-1.2 g/kg/day.
Protein!
1. This mineral is is needed for oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and ATP synthesis. Deficiency of this mineral in pregnancy is associated with IUGR, preterm delivery, and increased fetal & neonatal mortality. Early deficiency also affects fetal brain development.
2. What is the RDA for this mineral?
1. Iron
2. 27mg
This vitamin is important for cellular differentiation, ocular development, immune function, lung development and maturity, as well as gene expression. Excess of this vitamin can result in birth defects however high intake of the beta-carotene form is NOT associated with increased risk of congenital anomalies.
Vitamin A
Fish and seafood are a good source, with white fish being higher in this mineral than oily fish.
Iodine
Calorie needs increase by __ in the second trimester
~340 kcal
This is the minimum CHO requirement in pregnancy (in grams), with this much being fiber.
175 g/day
28-36g fiber
1. Mild deficiency of this mineral can lead to impaired fetal growth and brain development, as well as impaired immune function. Severe deficiency is associated with acrodermatitis enteropathica and increased risk of miscarriage.
2. What is the RDA for this mineral?
1. Zinc
2. 11-12 mg
Low levels of this vitamin are associated with miscarriages, LBW, and preterm birth, and first trimester deficiency is associated with increased incidence of congenital malformations including NTDs, orofacial clefts, and congenital heart defects.
Folate
Vitamin C
(other than citrus!)
Strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli, bell peppers, kiwi
Calorie needs increase by __ in the third trimester
~452
This Omega-3 fatty acid is of particular importance in pregnancy and women should consume 200mg extra daily when pregnant
DHA
Despite its important role in the formation of the fetal skeleton, intake needs do not increase in pregnancy for this mineral.
Calcium
This vitamin is of particular concern for vegetarians, vegans, people with malabsorption (ex. Crohn's involving the terminal ileum and h/o gastric bypass), people using PPIs, and people taking metformin.
Vitamin B12
1. Grain products have been fortified with the synthetic version of this micronutrient due to its profound effect on preventing NTDs.
2. What foods contain the natural version?
Folate (Folic Acid)
Folate naturally found in green leafy vegetables, dark yellow fruits and vegetables, beans, peas, nuts.
These are the 2 biggest determinants for average range of kcal needs during pregnancy
pre-pregnancy BMI & physical activity level
This is not a macronutrient, but an organic compound that is involved in neurogenesis, synapse & cell membrane formation, & nervous system signaling, and is associated with improved processing speed in offspring.
Choline
Severe deficiency of this mineral is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage, congenital anomalies, fetal goiter, and decreased IQ; and excessive levels can lead to fetal deficiency and congenital hypothyroidism.
Iodine
This vitamin is important for healthy gums, teeth, and bones. Requirements increase especially for people who smoke, engage in substance abuse, and take ASA.
Vitamin C
T/F Healthy fats found in nuts/seeds like walnuts, flax seeds, and chia seeds are good sources of the omega-3 fatty acid DHA
False!