Study Designs
This study design follows participants, sometimes in groups, over time to assess outcomes.
What is a cohort study?
This type of bias occurs when participants are not representative of the population.
What is selection bias?
This term describes the number of existing cases in a population.
What is prevalence?
This test compares the means of two independent groups, represented as t.
What is a t-test?
This method involves participants recalling all foods consumed in past day and usually involved a multiple pass method.
What is a 24-hour recall?
This study design groups individuals into those with disease and those without, and looks for factors associated with each.
What is a case-control study?
A bias introduced by participants' inaccurate recall of exposure.
What is recall bias?
The measure of new cases occurring in a population over time.
What is incidence?
This test is used to analyze independent and dependent categorical data.
What is a chi-square test?
A tool that is used to collect the frequency of usual dietary intake quickly, over a longer period of time, usually asked as questions with set response categories.
What is a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)?
This is the most rigorous study design for establishing causality.
What is a randomized controlled trial?
When researchers unintentionally influence results.
What is cognitive bias?
A factor that increases the likelihood of disease.
What is a risk factor?
This test determines if there are differences among three or more group means. IV is categorical, and dependent is continuous.
What is a one-way ANOVA?
This method requires individuals to record their dietary intake in real-time over multiple days.
What is a food diary?
A study that combines results from multiple primary studies for greater statistical power and can make recommendations for practice.
What is a systematic review and meta-analysis?
This bias results from systematic errors in measurement.
What is measurement bias?
The ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease.
What is sensitivity?
A statistical term for summarizing data such as mean or standard deviation, frequencies and percentages.
What is descriptive statistics?
This dietary assessment method uses direct observation and measurement of meals.
What is a weighed food record?
A study that measures exposure and outcome simultaneously.
What is a cross-sectional study?
This term describes bias from participants dropping out of the study.
What is attrition?
The ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease.
What is specificity?
When performing statistical tests, this assumption must be met. (hint: think of a nice bell curve)
What is normality?
The main limitation of self-reported dietary assessment methods.
What is underreporting?