Pregnancy and Infancy
Appropriate weight gain in pregnancy for underweight, healthy, and obese patients
Underweight women: 28-40 lbs
Healthy weight women: 25-35
Obese (BMI > 30):11-20
Reasons why we don't give cows milk before 1 year of age
Can cause intestinal bleeding which can lead to iron deficiency, poor source of iron (can cause loss of iron and fails to replace iron).
Nutrients to combat macular degeneration
vitamins C and E, possibly folate, B12, B6, carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin.
S/S of dehydration
Thirst
Darker, less frequent urine
Dry mouth
Lethargy
Weakness in muscles
Headache
Dizziness
only acceptable alternative to breastmilk
iron-fortified milk
Benefits of breastfeeding
provides appropriate composition and balance of nutrient with high bioavailability
provides hormones that promote physiological development
improves cognitive development
protects against a variety of infections and illnesses
may protect against some chronic diseases later in life (diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, asthma, and HTN)
protects against food allergies
supports healthy weight
reduces the risk of SIDS
Benefits for mother- contracts the uterus, delays the return of regular ovulation which lengthens birth intervals, conserves iron stores, may protect against breast and ovarian cancer and reduce the risk of diabetes
Ways to promote bone density
eat lots of calcium and vitamin D between the ages of 13 and 17
weight bearing exercise/strength training
avoid smoking/excess alcohol consumption
healthy body weight--avoid excessive thinness
Diet for rheumatoid arthritis
Mediterranean, omega-3 fatty acids may help prevent joint tenderness and improve mobility.
S/S of edema
Swelling or puffiness of tissue
Stretched or shiny skin
Skin that pits after being pressed for several seconds
Increased abdominal size
At 6 months of age give:
solid foods, vit D, Iron, Flouride,
What happens at 8 and 14 weeks of pregnancy
8 weeks- fully formed CNS and digestive system heartbeat, fingers and toes formed.
14 weeks- 3.5 inches. Heart and brain well developed.
Recommendations to combat childhood obesity
exercise 60 min/day
reduce screen time <2 hrs/day
have regularly scheduled meals and snacks
taking time to pause while eating for conversation
model healthy eating
show enjoyment of healthy foods
Why do elderly struggle with B12 intake
lose ability to produce enough stomach acid to separate B12 from the protein its bound to (stomach pH too high).
Risks for malnutrition
Diarrhea, impaired Swallowing, Cant feed themselves
What is included in a Mediterranean diet
Diet for heart health. High in veggies, fruits, whole grains, beans, nuts, seeds and olive oil. Includes fish, olive oil, fruits and veggies, whole grains, legumes.
Foods to avoid in the first year of life
juice, sweets, added sugar, canned/packaged foods high in sodium, avoid cow’s milk until 1 yr, honey and corn syrup (botulism), foods that may cause choking, peanut butter/peanuts (allergic reaction)…
When does puberty start in boys and girls
10-11 y.o. for girls, 12-13 for boys.
Sarcopenia=define
Age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle function.
Best questions to screen for malnutrition
Weight loss, change in appetite
Folate- prevent spina bifida
Iron- start out low, need more for extra blood and tissue, overload=causes trouble, RDA 27
higher risk for gestational age babies (>9 lbs), difficult labor and delivery, birth trauma, C-section, increased risk of neural tube defect and other defects.
Examples of iron-dense foods
1/4 cup cream of wheat
1/2 cup cooked snow peas
canned plums (3 plums)
1 tbs raisins
1/2 peanut butter and jelly sandwich
1/2 sloppy joe sandwich
meats, esp. red meats
legumes--beans/lentils with a vit C source
How to manage osteoarthritis
decrease weight to prevent, eat fish
T/F: Albumin and transferrin are useful in measuring malnutrition
False
Foods to avoid on MAO inhibitors
Tyramine- Should avoid fermented vegetables, fish or shrimp sauce, yeast extracts, soy sauce, beer, aged cheeses, aged/cured meats… Should consume fresh foods to avoid.