FOUNDATIONS OF NUTRITION SCIENCE
The standardized unit used to quantify the energy content of food in human nutrition.
Kilocalorie
Which DRI value meets the needs of 97–98% of healthy individuals?
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA).
The total number of basic tastes recognized by humans.
5 recognized basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory).
Name one primary type of lipid.
1. triglycerides (fats and oils for energy storage)
2. phospholipids (key components of cell membranes)
3. sterols (such as cholesterol, which regulate fluidity and hormones).
4. fatty acids (saturated vs. unsaturated)
The omega-6 to omega-3 ratio associated with optimal metabolic health.
1:1 OR 2:1
What is the brain's main energy source?
Glucose
The DRI value established when insufficient evidence/research exists to calculate an EAR or RDA.
Adequate intake (AI)
What types of foods have been associated with high reward in animals and humans?
High sugar (simple carbs) and high-fat (saturated, omega-6 and trans fat)
What is the name of a lipid/metabolite produced by gut microbes breaking down pre-biotics?
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
The lipoprotein responsible for delivering cholesterol to peripheral tissues.
low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Where are triglycerides stored?
Adipose tissue (fat)
The DRI value indicating the highest average daily intake unlikely to result in adverse health effects.You should not exceed this amount.
Upper limit (UL)
The calculated combination of macronutrient properties designed to maximize palatability and reinforcement.
Bliss point
The two polyunsaturated fatty acid families required from the diet.
DHA and EPA
The disease characterized by lipid accumulation in hepatocytes unrelated to alcohol intake.
Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease. (MASLD) previously known as non alcoholic fatty liver disease
The metabolic state occurring after eating, when nutrients are stored.
Anabolic state
What dietary factor is most crucial for our gut microbiome?
Pro-biotics.
The neurotransmitter that reinforces food-seeking behavior through repeated activation.
Dopamine
Fatty acids that increase membrane rigidity due to lack of double bonds and are solid at room temperature.
Saturated fatty acids.
The lipoprotein synthesized by the liver to export triglycerides.
Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
What form of glucose is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle?
glycogen
What term is synonymous with pre-biotics?
Dietary fiber.
The brain system activated by foods high in sugar, salt, and fat.
The dopaminergic system/ventral tegmental area
Saturated fat is a known agonist of which immune cell receptor?
toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)
The cell type that expands in response to excess triglyceride delivery.
Adipocytes