Research & Evidence-Based Practice
What type of management approach involves using scientific data to guide decisions?
Evidence-Based Management
It calls for organizational practices that are based on scientific evidence
It increases predictability, increases odds of success, and increases your value to an organization (since you are making decisions for justified reasons)
What does are the 5 different personality traits?
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness to Experience
Extraversion
What is it called when a behavior is strengthened by removing something bad?
Negative reinforcement
Removing something bad to increase a certain behaviour
What is the tendency to rely on first impressions called?
Primacy Effect
Tendency to rely on first impressions or cues
We only remember the thing that happens first
What do we call extra-role behavior that helps the organization, like helping coworkers?
Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)
Behaviours that contribute to the social and psychological environment of the work (make the workplace better and allows people to be more effective at work)
Which research method involves predicting relationships, collecting data, and forming
Scientific Method
Hypothesis (Prediction): Prediction that specify relationships between variables
Gathering Data: Analyzing the data to see if it supports the hypothesis
Verification: If the data does support the prediction, then scientists will repeat the data and verifying the findings
Theory: Once the findings are verified, then it is a real theory
A theory tells us what the data says about predictions and what it brings together
This approach says behavior is influenced by both personality and the situation
Interactionalist approach
Interaction between disposition and situational context (moderator)
In weak situation, roles are loosely defined, there are few rules and weak reinforcement punishment contingencies
Personality has the strongest effect in weak situations
In strong situations, the roles, rules, and contingencies are more defined.
Personality has less of an impact in strong situations
Which theory explains behavior using reinforcement, punishment, and extinction?
Operant Learning Theory
There are 4 types of learning: Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction
Positive Reinforcement: Providing something good to increase a certain behaviour
Negative Reinforcement: Removing something bad to increase a certain behaviour
Punishment: Providing someone bad to decrease a certain
Punishment is about applying a negative stimulus to decrease behaviour. Negative reinforcement is about withdrawing a negative stimulus to increase behaviour
4. Extinction: Removing something good to decrease a certain behaviour
What do we call it when we assume someone’s actions reflect their personality, not their situation?
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgement about others
Which type of fairness relates to how outcomes like pay are decided?
Procedural Fairness
Fairness in the process used to determine outcomes)
Which variable is the predictor: independent or dependent?
Independent variable
Independent Variables are the Predictor (IV), while the dependent variables are the outcomes (DV)
High levels of this personality trait predict success in jobs requiring social interaction.
Extraversion
Extraversion: The quality of being comfortable with relationship; degree of sociability
Low: Reserved, quiet, solitary
High: Gregarious, assertive, talkative, expressive
Positively related to performance when job requires social interaction
This reinforcement schedule gives a reward every time the behavior occurs.
continuous reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement - reward follows each display of behaviour
When we provide a positive stimulus everything we see the correctly display of behaviour
Gets fast acquisition (stronger the connection becomes to the reward)
Leads to fast acquisition
Which three cues do we use in attribution theory?
Distinctiveness: Does an individual act the same way in other situations?
Consensus: Does an individual act the same as others in the same situation?
Consistency: Does the individual act the same way over time?
This theory suggests people adjust behavior to eliminate perceived inequities.
Equity Theory
Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond so as to eliminate any inequities
The equity equation does not reflect reality and is fundamentally flawed and based on a bias perception (selective perception, actor-observer)
When there’s an inequity in your favour, you aren’t particularly bothered but if there’s inequity against you, you will be visibly distraught
When you’re in a favoured inequity position, you will find a way to rationalize these things despite it being an inequity
What type of validity tells us if results can be generalized to other contexts?
External validity
Validity is a measure that truly reflects what it is supposed to measure (Does it actually measure the thing you want?)
Internal Validity: Extent to which a research can be confident that changes in dependent variables are due to the independent variable (causation between 2 variables)
External Validity: Extent to which the results of a study generalize to other samples and settings
External validity is greater when the results of a study are based on large, random samples (Can we draw conclusions and relate this to other concepts outside the test?)
The fit between a person's personality and their organization is called...?
Person-Organization Fit
Argues that people leave organisation that are not compatible with their personalities
What theory says we learn by observing others in social settings?
Social Cognitive Theory
It argues that learning occurs in social environments (observing others helps us learn about the appropriateness, usefulness, and consequences of others
It is most effective when…
Modelers of behavior are credible (modeler similarity to learner also matters)
Behavior has perceived value (i.e., when we are motivated to learn; expectancy)
When we have a chance to practice and receive feedback
When self-efficacy is high - idea of how likely we feel we can accomplish something (eg, being successful in business school means high self-efficacy if you are good at business)
What is the term for the tendency to assume others think and feel the same as us?
Projection Bias
Tendency to believe that others are thinking and feeling the same as we are
What is emotional labor and how does it affect workers?
displaying emotions you don’t feel, which can lead to burnout and lower job satisfaction
Which research method uses random assignment and manipulation to establish causation?
experiment
Experimental: Research can be done through a lab or field
Two requirements: 1) Random assignment to groups (trying to get rid of systemic differences), 2) Manipulation (change something in the experiment, eg, giving a vaccine)
What is a moderator, and how does it relate to personality in OB?
Moderator: Changes the nature of the relationship (an interaction)
A variable that affects strength of another relationship
Mediator: A variable that explains why or how a relationship works
Eg, Good leadership can result in higher performance because good leaders motivate their followers (i.e., leadership -> motivation -> performance)
Name two common problems with punishment as a strategy for behavior change.
Almost never works
Punishment has some unique characteristics that often limit its effectiveness in eliminating unwanted behaviour.
It does not demonstrate which behaviours should replace the punished response.
Punishment indicates only what is not appropriate.
Punishment only temporarily suppresses unwanted behaviour.
Punishment can provoke a strong emotional reaction from the punished individual.
Which theory explains that we define ourselves based on personal traits and group memberships?
Social Identity Theory
Individuals form perceptions of themselves based on both personal attributes/dispositions and group memberships
Identity can change based on context (eg, your independent self, your relationship self, your group membership self etc)
Current identity affects our perception/biases (eg perception of in-group, out-group etc)
Name two reasons why job satisfaction matters in OB.
It is positively related to job performance,
and negatively related to absenteeism and turnover