Planning Features
a _____ observation is when the researcher pre-determines and controls the study variables and determines the location, the time, the participants, and the tools used to complete the study.
controlled
______ is the act of misleading or wrongly informing someone about the true nature of a situation
Deception
_______ validity refers to the extent to which research findings can be generalized to real-world settings and situations
Ecological
cues in an experiment that may reveal the study's purpose to participants, leading them to alter their behavior to align with their perceived expectations
demand characteristics
in this kind of observation, the participants know that they are being observed
overt
____ is an animal ethic that avoids the use of animals in research and experiments where possible, substituting them with non-animal methods
DAILY DOUBLE - Make an argument as for why Fagen could have high ecological validity
- Elephants were trained in their natural habitat
- Included noises of the jungle and tourist distractions
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the moral considerations and ethical guidelines surrounding human interactions with and treatment of animals, including research, care, and use.
animal ethics
an ________ observation is a flexible method in which researchers observe behaviors and events in a natural setting without predefined criteria or checklists
unstructured
the process by which people with the legal right to consent to being studied for themselves delegate that right to another person.
Consent by Proxy
In Fagen and Hassett, a _______ _______ was used. This made observations more objective.
Behavioral checklist
DAILY DOUBLE - evaluates whether the potential benefits of an action involving animals outweigh the costs to those animals
Cost-benefit
Was Piliavins study participant or non participant? Explain why.
Participant. The female observers pretended to be real subway passengers.
DAILY DOUBLE- How were elephants originally taught to trunk wash? What ethical consideration is applicable to this act?
- Poked with bamboo sticks (punishment)
- Pain and Distress
Does subjectivity harm validity? Give an example from 1 core study.
Yes.
Example: whether or not the elephants successfully mastered the behaviors was based on the trainers’ opinions.
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the extent to which findings or results from a study can be applied to a broader population or different situations
generalizability
DAILY DOUBLE- Name all the planning essay features for an observational study
overt / covert, participant / non-participant,
structured / unstructured, naturalistic / controlled
DAILY DOUBLE- How many monkeys were used in Hassett? Does this support the animal ethical consideration of "numbers"?
34 Monkeys (23 female, 11 male)
Yes
If a study claims that a new medication improves memory, _____ validity would be high if the study design effectively ruled out other factors (like placebo effects, natural improvement, or other treatments) as explanations for the observed improvement in memory.
Internal
Was the sample in Bandura generalizable? Why? What specific kind of validity does this impact?
No
- The children were aged 3-6.
- All were obtained from the Stanford University nursery
Ecological validity