One has no cartilage or submucosal glands while the other does
What is the difference between bronchi & bronchioles?
100
The ABG will show low pH along with normal or reduced pCO2.
What is the ABG sign for metabolic acidosis?
100
A disease in which there is permanent enlargement of parts of the airways of the lung. Symptoms typically include a chronic cough productive of foul-smelling mucus.
What is bronchiectasis?
100
It provides smooth muscle relaxation and decreases mucous secretion in the airway
What is the mechanism of antimuscarinics in COPD patients?
100
Caused by the HPV and also known as plantar warts which appears on the surface of the skin and typically resembles a cauliflower, with tiny black petechiae in the center
What are verruca?
200
Inferior thyroid artery
What is the main arterial blood supply to the trachea?
200
It is primarily caused by elevated plasma pCO2 (i.e. [CO2])
What is primary trigger for acute tachypnoea?
200
Panacinar bullae, primarily in the lower lobes
What do specimens of genetically predisposed emphysema look like?
200
It inhibits the activity of membrane phospholipase A2 and inhibits the activity of cyclo-oxygenase 2 in endothelial cells
By what mechanism do corticosteroids decrease endothelial prostaglandin production?
200
This cytokine is secreted by bone marrow stromal cells to keep myeloma plasma cells alive and also stimulate RANKL production in osteoblasts.
What is the function of IL-6?
300
When lung cancer metastasises to this sentinal group of nodes, it means that it will definitely cross and invade the other side of the mediastinum
What is the clinical significance of the subcarinal lymph nodes?
300
It will show normal or increased FEV1 and decreased FVC
What is the spirometric finding in restrictive lung disease?
300
It occurs when antigen-antibody complexes that are not adequately cleared by innate immune cells accumulate, giving rise to an inflammatory response and attraction of leukocytes.
What is the pathogenesis of a type III hypersensitivity reaction?
300
These drugs shouldn't be given in patients with peptic ulcer disease or uncontrolled infection
When are corticosteroids absolutely contraindicated?
300
It affects mucociliary clearance and macrophage activation
What is the effect of smoking on the airway's natural barrier system?
400
These receptors reside within the alveolar wall and play a role in afferent signalling the sensation of 'dyspnoea'
What is location and function of the J (juxtacapillary) receptors?
400
causes include renal failure, hepatic encephalopathy, chronic carbon dioxide retention and Wilson's disease
What are causes of asterixis (flapping tremor)?
400
Particles of this size are most dangerous since they can get lodged in the bifurcations of the distal airways
What is the clinical significance of inhaling particles 1-5µm in diameter?
400
It is a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor that prevents breakdown of cAMP, promoting airway smooth muscle dilation.
What is the mechanism of theophylline in COPD patients?
400
"Stones, Bones, Moans and Groans"
What are clinical signs/symptoms of hypercalcaemia?
500
It provides sensory function to the pericardium as well as mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleura.
What is the sensory function of the phrenic nerve?
500
It's a reflex triggered to prevent over-inflation of the lung. Pulmonary stretch receptors present in the smooth muscle of the airways respond to excessive stretching of the lung during large inspirations. This reflex is gradually ineffective in desensitised emphysema patients, allowing hyperinflation.
What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?
500
Pseudomonas,Legionella, Leptospira, H. pylori, and fungi such as Pneumocystis and Candida are organisms that are stained with it
What is the use of silver staining in diagnostic microbiology?
What are some ways the GP can help reduce risk of acute exacerbations in COPD patients?
500
common causes of this in developed countries are infectious mononucleosis, metastatic infiltration from a haematological malignancy and congestive cardiac failure.