Midterm 2 (1-5)
The deep waters in the __________ Ocean have been out of communication with the surface waters and atmosphere for the longest
Pacific
Sea level is rising due to
a)Melting the ice sheet on Greenland
b) Melting mountain glaciers
c) Volume expansion of seawater due to warming
d) Melting sea ice
e) A and B
f) B and C
g) C and D
f) A and D
g) A, B, and C
h) B, C, and D
i) A, C and D
g) A, B, and C
As deep water waves approach the shore they interact with the seabed and undergo the following modifications:
a)Wave speed and wave length decrease, wave height increases
b)Wave speed, wave length, and wave height all increase
c)Wave speed, wave length, and wave height all decrease
d) Wave speed and wave length increase, wave height decreases
a) Wave speed and wave length decrease, wave height increases
Sea ice in the arctic is thinning and there is less 'old' ice and more young (1st year) ice. Why is this a problem?
1st year ice is less reflective and will decrease the average albedo of the Arctic
Wave _________ is the change in the direction of waves as they move from deep to shallow water
a)reflection
b)refraction
c)diffraction
b)refraction
All of the following true facts about eddies except:
a) eddies are always cold in their core (e.g., a 'cold core' eddy)
b) an eddy is moderately short lived
c) eddies can be seen from space
d) an eddy is a 'loop current' that is cut off from the main current
a) eddies are always cold in their core (e.g., a 'cold core' eddy)
Waves that continue to propagate beyond the area of strong storm winds are known as __________.
a) swell
b) breakers
c) surf
a) swell
The Pacific Northwest is predicted to have (increase/decrease) precipitation over the next few months because the ENSO is in a (La Nina/El Nino) state. Choose the correct answer in the sets of parentheses.
a)decreased precipitation/El Nino
b)increased precipitation/El Nino
c) increased precipitation/La Nina
d)decreased precipitation/La Nina
c) increased precipitation/La Nina
Upwelling occurs in which of these regions
a) Eastern boundary currents systems near continents
b) Subtropical gyres
c) The equatorial Pacific during normal/la nina conditions
d) The subpolar fronts around Antarctica
e) A, B, and C
f) A, C, and D
g) B, C and D
h) A and D
i) B and C
f) A, B, and D
This current is the largest unimpeded current in the global ocean:
a) the Equatorial Undercurrent
b) The Antarctic Circumpolar Current
c) The Brazil Current
d) The Algulhas current
b) The Antarctic Circumpolar Current
El Niño __________.
a) is associated with stronger than usual NE & SE trade winds
b) is associated with poor fishing along the coast of Peru
c)primarily affects the western Pacific Ocean
b) is associated with poor fishing along the coast of Peru
Spring tides occur when_____________________.
the Moon is lined up with the Earth and the Sun
Sea level is predicted to rise by as much as _______, global, by 2100.
a) 3.3 mm to 6 mm
b) 0.6 to 1 meters
c) 3.3 to 1 meters
d) 3 to 6 meters
b) 0.6 to 1 meters
Chose the best explanation for the Ekman Spiral by filling in the blanks:
When surface water molecules move by the force of the wind, they, in turn, drag deeper layers of water molecules below them. Each layer of water molecules is moved by _____________ from the shallower layer, and each deeper layer moves more slowly than the layer above it, until the movement ceases at a depth of about ___ meters. Like the surface water, however, the deeper water is deflected by the Coriolis effect—to the _____ in the Northern Hemisphere and to the _____ in the Southern Hemisphere.
friction, 100, right, left
In the Pacific, the two of the currents that transport cold water from the poles to the equator are the:
a) Canary and Benguela
b) Kuroshio and California
c) California and Peru
d)Laborator and Oyashio
c) California and Peru
Rogue waves are most common in regions where ___________________________________
waves interact with ocean currents and undergo constructive wave interference
The main restoring force that works on larger waves to return the ocean to a flat surface is
a) Gravity
b) Surface tension
b) Surface tension
Waves that are greater than half their wavelength (L/2) are _____________ waves :
d) deep water
d) deep water
True or false about polar amplification?
Temperatures are rising in the arctic faster than the temperature rise in lower latitudes and Arctic amplification may accelerate warming beyond the arctic due to positive feedbacks
True
If Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation were to stop (or 'collapse') in a few years as some scientists have recently predicted, what could happen as a result?
a)the AMOC couldn't transport large volumes of water around the world, the ocean may absorb less carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
b) Parts of the deep ocean may receive less oxygen
c) Europe would warm because the Gulf Stream would transport more heat northward
d) B and C
e) A and B
f) A and C
e) A and B
Why should you 'never turn your back on the ocean' when you are on a beach? (especially in Oregon!)
because of sneaker waves, which are unpredictable waves of significant size
The main reason for the differences in the types of tides that are seen between the equator (semidiurnal tides), mid-latitudes (mixed tides) and high-latitudes near the poles (diurnal tides) is
a)The Moon-Earth gravitational axis is tilted at a 23.5 degree angle relative to the Earth’s equator
b) The Sun and the Moon are more aligned gravitationally the further north you move on Earth’s surface
a)The Moon-Earth gravitational axis is tilted at a 23.5 degree angle relative to the Earth’s equator
The rotation of the Earth-moon system creates an outward inertial force called the ______________force, which balances the __________force to keep the two bodies in their orbits.
a) centrifugal, gravitational
b) gravitational, centrifugal
a) centrifugal, gravitational
If all of the ice on Greenland melted, how much would sea level rise? 1,3,6, or 12 meters
6 meters
All of the following facts about ice shelves are true except for:
a) they contribute directly to sea level change
b) They provide stability to the glaciers behind the ice shelves
a) they contribute directly to sea level change