Chapter 1
The Scientific Method
What is Observation -> Hypothesis -> Testing -> Theory?
Key concept to help us understand the structure of the Earth; M/V
Density
Echo sounding, satellite altimetry, multi beam echo sounders, seismic reflection profiles
What is bathymetric methods?
Lithogenous, biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous
What is sediment classification?
Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Sodium (Na),
Chlorine (Cl)
What are elements in water?
What is the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic and Southern oceans?
How is it that the floor of the ocean is so much younger than the ocean itself?
What is seafloor spreading?
Continental shelves, slope, rise, and break
What are continental margins?
What are neritic sediments?
States that although the salinity of various samples of
seawater may vary, the ratio of major salts is constant.
What is the Principle of Constant Proportions?
Time period with increased oxygen and ozone that eliminated the anaerobe food supply
What is the Great Oxidization Event?
Crust, mantle, core
What are the chemical layers of the Earth?
Molten lava coming into contact with water quickly and cooling
What are pillow basalts/lavas?
Accumulated at an earlier time when the sea level was lower
What is a relict sediment?
Average length of time a
substance remains dissolved in seawater
What is residence time?
Responsible for the heating of the Earth
What is radioactive decay?
Magnetite particles in sedimentary rocks or igneous rocks such as basalt align with Earth’s magnetic field
What is a magnetic dip?
A series of islands, shallow banks, and deep basins
What is a continental borderland?
Must contain 30% of hard remains of silica-secreting organisms
What is siliceous ooze?
Abrupt change of density with depth
What is a pycnocline?
Depth of the Pacific Ocean
What is 12,927 ft?
The Hawaiian Islands are associated with which type of plate boundary?
What is none?
The West Florida continental shelf, a continental slope, and escarpment
What are features of the West Florida continental margin?
___ sediments cover about 3/4 of the sea floor
What is pelagic?
Produces an ionic bond
What is electrostatic attraction?