The protoearth had an atmosphere composed of these elements.
What are Hydrogen and Helium?
100
This process explains earthquakes, the locations of volcanoes, and the locations of faults, among other geological phenomena.
What is plate tectonics?
100
This type of plate boundary is defined by plates coming together.
What is a convergent boundary?
100
The tilt of Earth's axis, which is at this angle, is the source of Earth's seasons.
What is 23.5 degrees?
100
This property of the water molecule facilitates cohesion.
What is dipolarity?
200
They are the lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, and inner core.
What are the Earth's physical layers?
200
This describes the gravitational equilibrium between lithosphere and asthenosphere as plates float at an elevation that depends on their density and thickness.
What is isostasy?
200
This plate boundary type is found at mid-ocean ridges.
What is a divergent boundary?
200
On this day(s), both the N and S hemispheres receive equal solar energy.
What is the spring/fall equinox?
200
The underwater equivalent of topography, mapping this is usually based on SONAR and GPS measurements.
What is bathymetry?
300
A sediment type eroded from continental rock.
What is lithogenous sediment?
300
This geological theory, developed by Wegener, was ignored in part because he wasn't a geologist.
What is continental drift?
300
This is the only plate boundary type that is never associated with volcanism.
What is a transform boundary?
300
These two factors influence the number of hours of sunlight a particular area receives.
What are latitude and season?
300
A pycnocline is the drastic increase of density of the water from 300-1000m depth, which is _____ proportional to the thermocline.
What is inversely?
400
This describes coarse-grained sediments deposited in near-shore, high-energy environments.
What is neritic?
400
This chemical process keeps oceans at a relatively stable pH.
What is carbonate buffering?
400
Ocean trenches and volcanic island arcs are associated with this tectonic feature.
What is a subduction zone?
400
During this month, Earth is closest to the Sun.
What is January?
400
This mineral dissolves at low pH values, acting as a buffer.
What is calcite?
500
The percent of biogenous material needed to classify a sediment as biogenous.
What is 30%?
500
The formation of Earth's layers, which occurred after the formation of Earth's second atmosphere.
What is planetary differentiation?
500
This factor determines which plate moves underneath the other in ocean-ocean plate collisions.
What is density? (What is age? What is temperature? are also acceptable since they are proportional.)
500
This phenomenon, which is primarily due to the latent heat of water, is why the summer solstice is often not the hottest day of the year.
What is seasonal lag?
500
CO2 dissolution in the ocean catalyzes the formation of ____, spurring _____, or "the evil twin of global warming".