Words and Objects
Paul Krassner connects the Patty Hearst kidnapping and “murders” named for these objects in a 2000 book. While running for Minneapolis City Council in 1985, George Belair gave these objects to two groups of elderly voters. These objects were crucial in the testimony of psychiatrists George Solomon and Martin Blinder. Bill Clinton put one of these food items in the official White House Millennium Time Capsule. Due to banana rationing during World War II, this food’s original (*) banana flavoring was permanently changed to vanilla. A transition from eating healthy food to a diet rich in this specific food was used as evidence of the deterioration of Dan White’s mental health, which was used to acquit him of the assassinations of George Moscone and Harvey Milk. Hostess’s 2012 bankruptcy threatened the production of, for 100 points, what golden-colored, cream-filled cake, which can supposedly survive through a nuclear holocaust?
Twinkies
The flux of this compound into the atmosphere is described by the Penman–Monteith equation, which is modified by the Priestley–Taylor equation to be a function of only solar irradiance. The relationship between the partial pressure of this compound and temperature is described by the psychrometric (SIKE-ro-MEH-trick) constant. The phreatic (free-AT-ick) zone has high levels of this compound, whose movement in the vadose zone is described by the Richards equation, which modifies Darcy’s law. It’s not carbon dioxide, but this compound is the most abundant greenhouse gas. Saturation excess and infiltration excess can result in overland runoff of this compound, which enters the atmosphere through evapotranspiration. For 100 points, name this compound that is deposited as rain.
Water
This thinker proposed that the first human speech was when a man looked up at the sky and said “Aga”. This thinker, who condensed many of his ideas into a thirty-six hour long speech called the Nutuk, enthusiastically promoted the pseudo-scientific notion that his country’s language was descended from an ancient advanced Eurasian civilization, known as the (*) Sun Language Theory. This thinker advocated toleration of religion provided that it did not interfere with “sane reason”, a position heavily influenced by French laïcité that prompted his opposition to millets. Republicanism, nationalism, and secularism and three more ideas constitute the components of this man’s “Six Arrows” ideology. For 100 points, name this father of modern Turkey.
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
One of this songʹs performers dedicated it to Vail Cerullo [seh-ROO-loh], a Berklee College student who died in a motorcycle crash. Its refrain asks “how can we not talk about family when family is all we got?” This song plays as Brian shares a final drive with (*) Dominic Toretto [DAH-muh-nik tor-ET-oh], portrayed by Vin Diesel [DEE-zul], in The Fate of the Furious. For 100 points—name this Wiz Khalifa [kuh-LEE-fuh] and Charlie Puth [pooth] song written as an elegy [EL-uh-jee] for the actor Paul Walker.
See You Again
Identify the following about the Magna Carta's legacy in American history, for 10 points each:
In 1775, a council in this state used an image of an American holding a sword and the Magna Carta for its seal. This state's 1780 constitution is the oldest still-functioning constitution in the world.
The words "Magna Charta" also appear in the seal of this body, which met in Carpenters' Hall. This body, presided over by Peyton Randolph, passed a resolution boycotting British-made goods.
In this man's Braintree Instructions, he argued that the Stamp Act was "directly repugnant to the Great Charter itself." He served as the second President of the United States.
Massachusetts
First Continental Congress
John Adams
Leo Marx’s 1964 book The Machine in the Garden describes the destrucion of this object as disrupting the “Pastoral Ideal.” Steven Mintz titled his “History of American Childhood” after this object. A 1948 essay titled for this object compares its owner to Richard Dana, Natty Bumppo, and Ishmael. This object is temporarily lost while its owner is trying to trap murderous thieves in the wreck of the Walter Scott. This object titles an essay examining (*) homoeroticism in American literature written by Leslie Fiedler. This object, home to a “wigwam,” makes its owner “feel mighty free and easy” because it isn’t “so cramped up and smothery.” Found near Jackson’s Island, this object collides with a steamboat owned by the Grangerfords, and is later home to two men who claim to be a Duke and Dauphin. For 200 points, what vehicle is floated down the Mississippi River in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?
Raft
George Odom showed how to obtain this number using an inscribed equilateral triangle by drawing a chord between the midpoints of two of its sides and extending it to meet the circle. When this number is used as a numerical base, every integer terminates, but every fraction is non-terminating; in that base, the digit sequence 11 (one-one) is avoided because it equals 100 (one-zero-zero). This number can be called “the most irrational” because each level of its continued fraction has the same largest magnitude of difference; in other words, its continued fraction has only ones in its denominators. Based on that, this number can be found algebraically by solving the equation “x equals one over the term one plus x.” By definition, the square of this number equals one plus itself. For 200 points, give this constant, the limit of the ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers, which names a spiral.
Golden Ratio
In this region, the rabbi Samuel bar Abba became extremely close friends with a king to the point at which news of that king’s slaughter of 12,000 Jews at Mazaca was no trouble. The Pumbedita Academy located in this region trained most of the scholars who became Amoraim and Gaonim. An event perpetrated by a ruler of this region is the chronologically second of the five sad events commemorated on Tisha B’Av. Four different kingdoms, only the first of which belongs to a ruler of this region, correspond to four (*) metals in one of that ruler’s dreams. King Zedekiah’s final defeat led to an extended period of exile in this region whose cause was the subject of the Book of Lamentations. For 200 points, name this region in which the Jews were held in “captivity” following Nebuchadnezzar’s conquests
Babylonia
In this country's capital, thousands of coins are nailed to a stump that supposedly cures toothaches. Eyes pointing in four directions are a motif on a monument at Swayambhunath (sway-om-boo-nath) in this country. A snake-infested floodplain that contains this country's capital was supposedly drained by the bodhisattva Manjushri, and many of its temples were built by the Newar people. The Terai Swamp in this country's south contributed to its (*) isolation. This country became a republic in 2008 and was once ruled by the Ranas. It is home to the largest Sherpa population in the world. Its well-above-sea-level capital was devastated by a 2015 earthquake. For 200 points, name this mountainous Asian country with capital at Kathmandu.
Nepal
Several myths about a character with this name may have been developed to explain the harvest song alinon, which might have come in turn from the Phoenician “ai lanu” meaning “alas for us.” For 10 points each:
Name this prince of Argos and son of Psamathe (sah-MAH-thay), who Pausanius says was abandoned by his mother and eaten by the dogs of Crotopus, causing a plague to affect the city.
In another myth, Linus is said to have been the music teacher of this hero who killed him with his lyre. He was punished by being sent out to the fields by Amphitryon, who had married his mother Alcmene.
In most stories, Linus is the son of this Olympian who was often depicted with a lyre. The first lyre was made for this god by Hermes.
Linus
Heracles
Apollo
This object is described as a “passport into regions where other [people] dared not tread. Shame, Despair, Solitude!” A novel ends with the statement “On a field, sable” on which this object is depicted, referring to the inscription of a shared tombstone. This object is first seen in a frame story with “a small roll of dingy paper” amongst the documents of Surveyor Jonathan Pue. While delivering gloves, a girl is fascinated by this object’s reflection in a armor breastplate in the (*) governor's mansion. Earlier, in a forest, that girl tells her mother “'the sunshine does not love you … because it is afraid of [this object].” While standing on a scaffold, a man spots a meteor in the shape of this object. Embroidered with gold thread, this object punishes a woman for having the child Pearl with a minister following the disappearance of her husband Roger Chillingworth in England. For 300 points, what object represents Hester Prynne’s adultery in a Nathaniel Hawthorne novel?
the Scarlet Letter / Letter A
Pentaerythritol (penta-uh-RITH-rih-tall) can serve as a core during the formation of “starburst” examples of one class of these compounds. One of these substances called PNIPA is often studied for its coil-globule transition. An iodine-doped example of these compounds was studied by Shirakawa for its high electrical conductivity. It’s not a catalyst, but Grubbs produced a type of these compounds from norbornene using Tebbe’s reagent in a “living” type of that synthetic process. Their excluded volume can be treated as zero in theta solvents, and the dispersity index can be used to describe their mass distribution. Formation of these substances usually takes place via the three steps of initiation, elongation, and termination. For 300 points, name these compounds made of linked monomers.
Polymers
According to one source, this city was ruled by twelve kingdoms and a High King, one of whose daughters wed Mennon. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, a “New” version of this city was the oldest name of the site that is now London. This city is the original home of a group of deities who beguile king Gylfi with their magic. Medieval legends describe a man named Brutus who hailed from this city as the founder of Britain. The (*) Æsir are descendants of this city’s inhabitants according to the prologue of the Prose Edda. Medieval legends grew around the story of a lover of Cressida from this city named Troilus. A lover of Aphrodite from this city is carried out on his son’s back while this city burns following its sack. For 300 points, name this city which Aeneas hails from.
Troy
Kreiner showed the negative effects of this type of policy when Danish citizens turn 18. A 2016 law applies this type of policy only to Britons older than 25. Some 300,000 Albertans are slated to benefit from a change in this policy that mirrors one passed in 2014 by now-disgraced mayor Ed Murray. Researchers at Berkeley and the University of Washington put out rival studies in 2017 about whether this type of policy reduced available (*) hours. SMIC (S-M-I-C), a French policy of this type, is adjusted each January based on factors such as the consumer price index. A "ten ten" policy of this type in the US would bring 900,000 people out of poverty, while one in Seattle may be negatively affecting restaurant jobs. For 300 points, name this policy that sets the lowest amount of money that a worker can legally be paid.
Minumum Wage
Elijah Anderson studied black neighborhoods in this city to document the unspoken rules of public behavior for his book Code of the Street. For 10 points each:
Name this city in which Alice Goffman studied the ways that policing created an environment of suspicion for young black men in On the Run. William Labov (luh-BOHV) tested his curvilinear principle in five neighborhoods of this city.
This thinker extensively surveyed and mapped the black population of Philadelphia for his book The Philadelphia Negro. He also wrote Black Reconstruction in America and The Souls of Black Folk.
Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin studied the incidence of this kind of behavior in a large Philadelphia birth cohort. Proponents of "broken windows theory" argue that reducing everyday disorder can prevent this behavior.
Philadelphia
WEB DuBois
Crime
In Book 5 of the Aeneid, one of these objects is described as “a potent marvel destined to shape the future,” leading to Aeneas giving another character a Thracian mixing bowl. Later, Venus delivers a healing balm to cure a wound caused by one of these objects. One figure known for using these objects is wounded after being hit by a rock thrown by his cousin Hector. A modern explanation suggests that a figure was poisoned by one of these objects rather than a snakebite while on the island of (*) Lemnos. Acestes wins a contest at the funeral games of Anchises after one of these objects bursts into flame. A figure is given several of these objects after lighting the funeral pyre of Heracles and later uses these objects to kill Paris. Greeks known for using these objects include Teucer and Philoctetes. For 400 points name these objects, one of which strikes Achilles in his vulnerable heel after being fired by Paris.
arrows
One approach to this technique involves first preparing a gel of monomers and a two-photon-active photoinitiator, which is subsequently targeted by a precisely focused laser. The Benchy (BEN-chee) model is often used to calibrate the apparatus used in this technique. Progress towards von Neumann (NOY-mahn) machines has been made by the RepRap project, which aims to produce systems for this technique. FDM approaches in this technique sometimes require support materials that are subsequently dissolved in order to create overhangs, and those approaches often use a heated extruder to melt small beads or pellets of plastic or metal. The Makerbot (maker-bot) is a common device for this technique, which can be used for rapid prototyping. For 400 points, name this additive manufacturing technique that assembles materials to create solid objects.
3D Printing
While trying to enforce this law, James Batchelder became one of the first US marshals to die in the line of duty. The Habeas Corpus Law in Vermont was meant to challenge this law, whose offenders were defended by the writer Richard Henry Dana Jr. and other members of the revived Boston Vigilance Committee. The Wisconsin Supreme Court declared this law unconstitutional, a decision ultimately rejected in the Supreme Court case Ableman v. Booth. An attempt to enforce this law in Boston in 1854 led to a crowd rioting to save Anthony Burns from arrest. For 400 points, name this controversial law that was part of the Compromise of 1850 and made it easier to track down certain runaways.
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Sam Stein and Gideon Resnick in the Daily Beast called out Tom Perez for not personally joining one of these events. Matt Bevin apologized for stating that these events would lead to sexual assaults. The Goldwater Institute criticized the constitutionality of one of these events, which included a large gathering at Chase Field. A 110-mile march was staged by participants in one of these events, who were the subject of the failed (*) Step Up plan to raise taxes on wind energy and tobacco. Participants in one of these events in Arizona wore red shirts. During one of these events in 2018, Katrina Ruff held up a sign outside of the Capitol in Oklahoma City reading "Thanks to West Virginia." For 400 points, name these events where educators walk off the job.
Teacher Strikes
The Canadian company D-Wave Systems purports to sell these devices. For 10 points each:
Identify these devices that use qubits (Q-bits) to implement algorithms. One of these devices running Shor's algorithm could break classical encryption.
Theoretically, all quantum computers can be simulated as a modified form of one of these devices, which consist of a "head" that manipulates symbols on an infinite tape. Hopcroft and Ullman gave a definition of them as a specific 7-tuple.
In 2017, this company released the language Q# (Q-sharp), which allows for the simulation of quantum algorithms. This company created the web server IIS (eye-eye-S) and the .NET (dot-net) framework
Quantum
Turing Machines
Microsoft
Miguel León-Portilla’s translations of Nahuatl-language accounts of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec comprise a book titled for “Broken” objects of this sort. Examples of these objects called dory often had a feature on their rear ends called a sauroter. In Roman maniples, older, more experienced soldiers called triarii were armed with a type of this weapon called a hasta. Following the Battle of the Caudine Forks, the Samnites forced defeated Roman legions to pass under a (*) yoke built from these objects. Roman troops carried two of these weapons called pilum which were thrown to lodge in enemy shields to disable them. Alexander the Great organized troops armed with particularly long examples of these weapons called sarissas into tight formations. For 500 points, hoplites were often armed with what type of long weapon, whose wielders formed phalanxes?
spears
This man debated with Fred Singer on Nightline about the theoretical environmental effects of Saddam Hussein burning Kuwait’s oil wells. He won a Pulitzer for his book The Dragons of Eden. He is the namesake of a number that represents the number of stars in the universe. This scientist was the first to suggest that Venus was a hot planet due to a version of the greenhouse effect. He chaired the committee that gathered the Voyager Golden Record, and he worked with his wife, Linda Salzman, and Frank Drake to create the plaques sent on board Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11. For 500 points, name this scientist who wrote the book Pale Blue Dot and created the television series Cosmos.
Carl Sagan
This god refused to move for his brother, instead offering to let him jump over him. He avoided Surasa, the mother of serpents, by changing his size. This god was the subject of the Chalisa poem by Tulsidas, who was inspired to translate an epic by meeting this god. This god was able to jump from India to Sri Lanka in one jump. While a child, this god was hit in the jaw by a thunderbolt thrown by Indra; that was because this god tried to eat the sun, which he thought was a fruit. After killing Akshay Kumar, this god’s tail was set on fire. This god, who retrieved a healing herb by lifting an entire mountain, allowed Sita to be rescued by Rama. For 500 points, name this monkey god in the Ramayana.
Hanuman
Suppliers of this good can take advantage of the Ellis Act, which circumvents some restrictions on removing this good. This good was the subject of Proposition F and Proposition I, also known as the “Mission Moratorium,” two failed ballot propositions that regulated the provision of this good. A plan to provide this good in Mountain View was forbidden by the city council in order to protect burrowing owls. Restrictions on the supply of this good include “sunset” laws that regulate the casting of shadows and a 40-foot maximum height law that was partially modified by Proposition D in 2015. Approximately 60,000 people per year leave the San Francisco area due to the high cost of this good. For 500 points, name this good whose namesake “crisis” is causing high rents throughout California.
houses
During this war, the U.S. Army required recruits to pass an intelligence test that included multiple-choice questions such as "A house is better than a tent, because…." For 10 points each:
Name this conflict in which the American Expeditionary Force broke the stalemate on the Western Front.
During World War I, Herbert Hoover led a campaign that encouraged homemakers to make use of the "victory" types of these things to save resources for the troops.
Hoover helped secure the 1928 Republican nomination by overseeing relief efforts for one of these natural disasters a year earlier. Arkansas was particularly hard hit by the 1927 instance of one of these disasters.
World War I
Gardens
Flood