Hypotension Care
What is the primary effect of positive inotropes like dobutamine?
A. They decrease the heart rate and maintain rhythm
B. They cause significant systemic vasoconstriction
C. They increase cardiac contractility significantly
D. They directly increase systemic vascular resistance
C. They increase cardiac contractility significantly
Which injectable anaesthetic is mentioned as suitable for intravenous use in reptiles?
A. Medetomidine is suitable for intravenous use in reptiles.
B. Ketamine is suitable for intravenous use in reptiles.
C. Alfaxalone is suitable for intravenous use in reptiles.
D. Butorphanol is suitable for intravenous use in reptiles.
C. Alfaxalone is suitable for intravenous use in reptiles.
During recovery, why should a bird's wings be wrapped?
A. Wrapping wings prevents damage as the bird wakes up.
B. Wrapping wings prevents self-mutilation by the bird.
C. Wrapping wings encourages faster return to eating habits.
D. Wrapping wings helps maintain body temperature efficiently.
A. Wrapping wings prevents damage as the bird wakes up.
Which drug is widely used for the induction of general anesthesia in horses and often combined with benzodiazepines?
A. Thiopental is preferred due to its very smooth induction and recovery.
B. Acepromazine is consistently used as the sole induction agent.
C. Guaifenesin is primarily used alone for its potent hypnotic effects.
D. Ketamine is widely used and typically combined with muscle relaxants.
D. Ketamine is widely used and typically combined with muscle relaxants.
Which pre-operative disease is commonly associated with respiratory issues in rabbits under anaesthesia?
A. Kidney stones are common in rabbits.
B. Pasteurella infection is common in rabbits.
C. Primary cardiac disease is common in rabbits.
D. Hepatic dysfunction is common in rabbits.
B. Pasteurella infection is common in rabbits.
What is the main mechanism by which vasopressors increase blood pressure?
A. By increasing cardiac contractility directly
B. By causing systemic vasoconstriction in vessels
C. By improving the the patients cardiac output
D. By decreasing the heart rate effectively
B. By causing systemic vasoconstriction in vessels
Why is positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) essential when anaesthetizing reptiles?
A. Reptiles have a very stiff thoracic wall, needing assistance.
B. Reptiles have a muscular diaphragm that requires support.
C. Reptiles lack a muscular diaphragm, so IPPV is essential.
D. Reptiles possess very small lung volumes, demanding IPPV.
C. Reptiles lack a muscular diaphragm, so IPPV is essential.
Why is it crucial to keep avian anaesthesia light?
A. Deep anaesthesia often leads to respiratory arrest in birds.
B. Deep anaesthesia frequently causes severe hypothermia in birds.
C. Deep anaesthesia makes monitoring reflexes more challenging.
D. Deep anaesthesia prolongs recovery unnecessarily for birds.
A. Deep anaesthesia often leads to respiratory arrest in birds.
What does a cyanotic mucous membrane color in a horse primarily indicate?
A. Cyanotic mucous membranes primarily suggest hyperthermia.
B.Cyanotic mucous membranes primarily suggest profound systemic acidosis.
C. Cyanotic mucous membranes primarily suggest fluid overload.
D. Cyanotic mucous membranes primarily suggest gas exchange disturbances.
D. Cyanotic mucous membranes primarily suggest gas exchange disturbances.
For rabbit tracheal intubation, what size endotracheal tube is typically used?
A. A large endotracheal tube (4-5 mm) is typically used.
B. A medium endotracheal tube (3-4 mm) is typically used.
C. A small endotracheal tube (2-3 mm) is typically used.
D. A very small endotracheal tube (1-2 mm) is typically used.
C. A small endotracheal tube (2-3 mm) is typically used.
What major complication can occur during anaesthesia for a ruptured bladder patient if not well stabilised?
A. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia and hypokalemia
B. Minimal complications if properly stabilized beforehand
C. Severe hypertension and persistent tachycardia
D. Persistent hypercarbia despite mechanical ventilation
B. Minimal complications if properly stabilized beforehand
What stimulates spontaneous breathing in reptiles?
A. Spontaneous breathing is stimulated by high oxygen partial pressure.
B. Spontaneous breathing is stimulated by low carbon dioxide levels.
C. Spontaneous breathing is stimulated by low oxygen partial pressure.
D. Spontaneous breathing is stimulated by high carbon dioxide levels.
C. Spontaneous breathing is stimulated by low oxygen partial pressure.
In avian anatomy, what percentage of the respiratory system is formed by the air sacs?
A. The air sacs form about 80% of the avian respiratory system.
B. The air sacs form about 40% of the avian respiratory system.
C. The air sacs form about 20% of the avian respiratory system.
D. The air sacs form about 60% of the avian respiratory system.
A. The air sacs form about 80% of the avian respiratory system.
In anaesthetized horses, a mean arterial pressure (MAP) below what threshold is generally considered hypotension and requires intervention?
A. A MAP below 70 mmHg indicates hypotension and requires intervention.
B. A MAP below 50 mmHg indicates hypotension and requires intervention.
C. A MAP below 90 mmHg indicates hypotension and requires intervention.
D. A MAP below 60 mmHg indicates hypotension and requires intervention.
A. A MAP below 70 mmHg indicates hypotension and requires intervention.
What is the maximum number of attempts recommended for rabbit tracheal intubation before abandoning?
A. One to two intubation attempts are generally recommended.
B. Two to three intubation attempts are generally recommended.
C. Four to five intubation attempts are generally recommended.
D. Three to four intubation attempts are generally recommended.
B. Two to three intubation attempts are generally recommended
Which class of drugs should be started if severe vasodilation is contributing to hypotension?
A. Vasopressors such as noradrenaline or ephedrine
B. Alpha-2 agonists to increase sedation levels gently
C. Positive inotropes like dobutamine are the first choice
D. Fluid boluses of crystalloids or colloids are sufficient
A. Vasopressors such as noradrenaline or ephedrine
Why is breath-holding a significant factor when anaesthetizing reptiles?
A. Breath-holding increases the effectiveness of injectable drugs.
B. Breath-holding prevents hypothermia during surgery.
C. Breath-holding can prolong induction with inhalation agents.
D. Breath-holding helps maintain stable blood gas levels.
C. Breath-holding can prolong induction with inhalation agents.
What type of opioid receptors do birds have more of compared to mu receptors?
A. Birds have more sigma opioid receptors than mu receptors.
B. Birds have more delta opioid receptors than mu receptors.
C. Birds have more epsilon opioid receptors than mu receptors.
D. Birds have more kappa opioid receptors than mu receptors.
D. Birds have more kappa opioid receptors than mu receptors.
What is the primary characteristic that differentiates alpha-2 agonists like xylazine from acepromazine in horses?
A. Alpha-2 agonists primarily increase gastrointestinal motility in horses.
B. Alpha-2 agonists only cause sedation without any cardiovascular effects.
C. Alpha-2 agonists offer analgesia and significant muscle relaxation.
D. Alpha-2 agonists provide profound muscle relaxation but no analgesia.
C. Alpha-2 agonists offer analgesia and significant muscle relaxation.
What percentage of rabbits have atropinase, making atropine ineffective for increasing heart rate?
A. Between 20% and 30% of rabbits possess atropinase.
B. Between 30% and 50% of rabbits possess atropinase.
C. Between 10% and 20% of rabbits possess atropinase.
D. Between 50% and 70% of rabbits possess atropinase.
B. Between 30% and 50% of rabbits possess atropinase.
At what dose range does dopamine primarily increase cardiac contractility, with possible arrhythmias?
A. Medium dose (2.5 – 10 ug/kg/min) for inotropy
B. High dose (10 – 15 ug/kg/min) for vasoconstriction
C. Low dose (< 2.5 ug/kg/min) for vasodilation only
D. Any dose below 2 ug/kg/min to avoid side effects
A. Medium dose (2.5 – 10 ug/kg/min) for inotropy
Which method of anaesthesia is considered inhumane and unethical for reptiles?
A. Intra-osseous fluid therapy is considered unethical.
B. Inhalation with isoflurane via intubation is unethical.
C. Hypothermia as a method of anaesthesia is inhumane.
D. Injectable alfaxalone is considered inhumane for reptiles.
C. Hypothermia as a method of anaesthesia is inhumane.
What position should be avoided for birds during anaesthesia?
A. Ventral recumbency should be avoided for birds.
B. Sternal recumbency should be avoided for birds.
C. Dorsal recumbency should be avoided for birds.
D. Lateral recumbency should be avoided for birds.
C. Dorsal recumbency should be avoided for birds.
What is the primary characteristic of Guaifenesin (GGE) that makes it suitable for equine anesthesia induction protocols?
A.GGE is a strong hypnotic agent that causes immediate loss of consciousness.
B. GGE is a potent analgesic that eliminates the need for other pain relief.
C. GGE is a centrally acting muscle-relaxing agent with no reversal agent.
D. GGE is a reversible sedative that can be antagonized quickly.
C. GGE is a centrally acting muscle-relaxing agent with no reversal agent.
What was the overall peri-anaesthetic mortality rate for rabbits in the CEPSAF study?
A. The overall mortality rate was 0.73% for all rabbits.
B. The overall mortality rate was 7.37% for all rabbits.
C. The overall mortality rate was 1.39% for all rabbits.
D. The overall mortality rate was 8.00% for all rabbits.
C. The overall mortality rate was 1.39% for all rabbits.