Cardiology and perfusion
What abnormal lung sound is commonly heard in a patient experiencing pulmonary edema from CHF?
Crackles
What medical term describes kidney stones?
Renal calculi
What is the primary purpose of administering oxygen to a hypoxemic patient?
To improve oxygenation of the blood and delivery of oxygen to tissues.
What stage of labor ends with the delivery of the baby?
Second stage (expulsion)
What does the abbreviation SAMPLE stand for in patient assessment?
Signs/symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past history, Last oral intake, Events leading up.
Which adrenergic receptor primarily increases heart rate and myocardial contractility?
Beta-1
Which pancreatic cells produce insulin?
Beta cells
When using a straight laryngoscope blade, what structure is lifted directly to visualize the vocal cords?
The epiglottis
What is the term for an umbilical cord that presents through the vaginal opening before the baby?
Prolapsed cord
What is the primary reason for repeating vital signs during patient reassessment?
To identify changes in patient condition and determine whether treatment is effective.
During ventricular diastole, which two atrioventricular valves are open to allow ventricular filling?
Mitral and tricuspid valves
A patient experiences several brief episodes of one-sided weakness and difficulty speaking that resolve completely. What condition is suspected, and what serious event may follow?
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), warning of a possible stroke.
Why is nitroglycerin administered sublingually rather than swallowed?
To bypass first-pass metabolism in the liver.
What is the most common underlying cause of bradycardia in a newborn?
Hypoxia
What is the term for moving an arm laterally away from the body's midline?
Abduction
An unresponsive patient has hypotension and a wide-complex Mobitz II heart block. What electrical intervention is indicated?
Transcutaneous pacing
What is the primary underlying problem in prerenal acute kidney injury?
Decreased renal perfusion (hypoperfusion).
What is the difference between rocuronium and succinylcholine regarding their mechanism of neuromuscular blockade?
Rocuronium is nondepolarizing; succinylcholine is depolarizing.
A newborn has a heart rate of 50 after 30 seconds of effective positive-pressure ventilation with chest movement. What intervention is indicated next?
Begin chest compressions coordinated with ventilation.
A patient is receiving chemotherapy and has a very low white blood cell count. Why should you use extra care when performing invasive procedures?
Neutropenia increases susceptibility to infection.
A patient with significant hemorrhage initially maintains normal blood pressure despite tachycardia. Explain why a falling blood pressure is a particularly concerning finding.
It indicates failure of compensatory mechanisms and progression toward decompensated shock.
A diabetic patient has a blood glucose of 16 mg/dL and is actively seizing. What underlying problem should be corrected immediately, and why?
Severe hypoglycemia. Administer IV dextrose because inadequate glucose delivery to the brain is causing the seizure.
An unresponsive choking patient cannot be ventilated despite basic airway maneuvers and CPR. What advanced technique can be used to remove a visible obstruction?
Direct laryngoscopy with removal using Magill forceps.
A pregnant patient in her third trimester develops a tonic-clonic seizure and has a blood pressure of 180/120. What condition do you suspect, and what medication is commonly used to manage it?
Eclampsia; magnesium sulfate.
A conscious patient has a severe traumatic injury, but you also suspect a spinal injury. Explain why life-threatening hemorrhage must be addressed before completing spinal motion restriction.
Uncontrolled hemorrhage is an immediate threat to circulation and survival. Life threats take priority over spinal motion restriction.