Anslem
What is the concept that Anselm's argument relies on? (hint = a being which none greater can be conceived)
God
What does Malcolm brand God in his first lines of argument (hint= type of being)
Unlimited being.
What is Gaunilo's analogy to counter Anselm’s argument?
The perfect island.
What does Descartes first question about the human body which then leads him to question the existence of God?
His mind- states that the mind plays tricks on people.
What is a predicate?
It adds an descriptive quality to something to which its possess.
e.g, God exists
Anselm used this analogy to go against criticism of his argument.
Gaunilo's perfect island
Malcolm’s argument attempts to show that God's existence is either this or impossible.
Necessary existence
Gaunilo's main objection emphasizes the distinction between these two ideasof existence.
Conceptual existence and actual existence.
(in mind vs in reality)
What does COGITO ERGO SUM translate to in English?
I think, therefore I am.
What is Kant's objection to Descartes' ontological arguement? (in reference to Descartes' analogy of the triangle)
But if you do not have the triangle, you have neither its three angles nor its three sides.
If you accept that there is a God, it is logical to accept also that His existence is necessary. But you don’t have to accept that there is a God.
What kind of argument is the Anslem ontological argument?
Deductive
Who is the philosopher whose critiques Malcolm's argument and what is their main line of argument?
Immanuel Kant- existence is not predicate
What two analytical tools does Gaunilo use to go against and disprove Anselm's arguement?
Parody and Overload.
What two analogies does Descartes use in his ontological argument and what do they explain about existence?
Mountains and Valleys
Triangles
What is the analogy that Kant uses to counterargue Anslem's ontological arguement.
100 thalers- real vs fake.
Anselm’s argument relies on this type of reasoning.
A priori reasoning.
Either Proslogion 1, 2 or 3, does Malcolm most agree with, regarding Anslem's arguements
Proslogian 3- He believes that Prosologian 3 does not treat existence as a predicate
What are overload objections (Gaunilo uses this to go against Anslem's argument)
they don't claim to show where or how the ontological argument goes wrong, they simply argue that if it is sound, then so are many other arguments of the same logical form which we don't want to accept such as the perfect island.
17th Century
What is Hume's main points of objection to the ontological argument?
The ontological argument is not based on sense experience but rather relies on reason, therefore Hume regarded it as a failure.
He rejected the existence of innate or inbuilt ideas
The main conclusion/ point of Anselm's argument that even an atheist must accept.
An atheist must have an idea of God in their mind to deny His existence.
In which book did Malclom write his ontological arguments
In The Philosophical Review (1960)
In which century was Gaunilo developing the ontological arguement?
11th Century
In which book does Descartes develop his ontological arguement?
The Fifth Mediation
What analogy does Bertrand Russell use to go against Anslem and what conclusion does he come to?
(yes, it is in the revision booklets we have got)
Existence cannot be a predicate.
If it were, we could argue:
Men exist, Santa Claus is a man, Therefore, Santa Claus exists.