Ocular Disease II
These yellow-white, fluffy retinal lesions, also known as cytoid bodies, are indicative of retinal ischemia.
What are cotton wool spots?
This is the only FDA-approved medication for the treatment of Demodex blepharitis.
What is Xdemvy (Lotilaner ophthalmic solution)?
According to KMK, this is the most common cause of a CN III palsy that spares the pupil.
What is an ischemic microvascular event (often due to diabetes or hypertension)?
This layer of the cornea is acellular and known as Bowman's layer; it does not regenerate if damaged.
What is Bowman's Layer?
A lesion at the optic chiasm typically produces this type of visual field defect.
What is a bitemporal hemianopsia?
This inflammatory condition of the optic nerve is strongly associated with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and presents with pain on eye movement.
What is optic neuritis?
A patient taking this systemic medication for tuberculosis must be monitored for dose-dependent optic neuropathy, which can cause color vision changes.
What is Ethambutol?
This systemic autoimmune disease is famously associated with the triad of dry eyes, dry mouth, and a positive anti-SSA (Ro) or anti-SSB (La) antibody test.
What is Sjögren's Syndrome?
These two extraocular muscles are the primary vertical movers when the eye is fully abducted.
What are the Superior and Inferior Rectus?
This condition, caused by damage to the sympathetic pathway, presents with the classic triad of ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis.
What is Horner's Syndrome?
A "classic" or "lacy" subfoveal neovascular membrane is the hallmark of this condition in the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS).
What is choroidal neovascularization (CNV)?
This oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor is often used to lower IOP in acute angle-closure but is cautioned in patients with a sulfa allergy.
What is Acetazolamide (Diamox)?
A patient with a history of intravenous drug use presents with multiple Roth spots in the retina. KMK would tell you to suspect this cardiac condition.
What is bacterial endocarditis?
This is the primary refracting surface of the eye.
What is the anterior cornea/tear film interface?
A patient is unable to abduct their left eye, indicating a palsy of this cranial nerve.
What is Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens)?
This inherited retinal dystrophy is characterized by nyctalopia (night blindness) and progressive peripheral visual field loss, often with "bone spicule" pigmentation.
What is Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)?
This new class of presbyopia-correcting drops works by stimulating the ciliary muscle to improve near vision.
What are miotics (e.g., Pilocarpine)?
This genetic disorder of collagen synthesis is linked to blue sclera, keratoconus, and a high risk of retinal detachments.
What is Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?
In the visual pathway, ganglion cell axons from the nasal retina do this at the optic chiasm.
What is decussate (cross over)?
This rhythmic, conjugate, and often jerky oscillation of the eyes can be either congenital or acquired.
What is nystagmus?
Known as the "great masquerader," this inflammatory condition can mimic many other ocular diseases and is characterized by a "candle wax drippings" appearance of retinal vessels.
What is Sarcoidosis?
This immunosuppressive medication, often used post-organ transplant, can cause a specific type of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) with visual disturbances.
What is Tacrolimus?
Wilson's Disease, a disorder of copper metabolism, is associated with this classic anterior segment sign.
What is a Kayser-Fleischer ring?
The crystalline lens is primarily composed of this type of protein, arranged in a highly ordered structure to ensure transparency.
What are crystallins (alpha, beta, gamma)?
A lesion in the parietal lobe can result in this "pie-in-the-floor" visual field defect.
What is an inferior quadrantanopia?