Ocular Anatomy
This is the avascular, transparent tissue that makes up the anterior 1/6th of the eye's outer tunic.
What is the cornea?
This over-the-counter antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer is a go-to for treating ocular allergies.
What is Ketotifen Fumarate (Zaditor, Alaway)?
From the Greek for "eyelid" (blepharon), this is the term for inflammation of the eyelids.
What is blepharitis?
This instrument provides a cross-sectional, high-resolution image of the retina, often used to monitor glaucoma and macular disease.
What is Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)?
This is the term for reduced vision in an eye that is structurally normal, often caused by strabismus or high refractive error.
What is amblyopia?
This circular muscle is responsible for pupillary constriction when it contracts.
What is the iris sphincter?
This class of medications, including Plaquenil, is infamous for its risk of causing a "bull's-eye" maculopathy.
What are hydroxychloroquines/chloroquines?
From the Greek for "hailstone" (khalaza), this is a blocked meibomian gland that presents as a firm, painless nodule on the eyelid.
What is a chalazion?
This type of visual field testing uses a stimulus that appears to flicker to isolate the magnocellular pathway, useful for early glaucoma detection.
What is Frequency Doubling Technology (FDT) perimetry?
This is the most common primary intraocular malignancy of childhood, often presenting with leukocoria (a white pupil).
What is Retinoblastoma?
The ora serrata marks the serrated junction between the retina and this non-photosensitive tissue.
What is the ciliary body?
Used off-label to treat myopia progression, this dilute anticholinergic agent has fewer side effects than its more concentrated form.
What is low-dose Atropine?
From the Greek for "old man" (geron) and "poison" (toxon), this is the term for a white arc on the peripheral cornea in an elderly patient.
What is arcus senilis (or gerontoxon)?
To measure the axial length of the eye for cataract surgery calculations, this ultrasound technique is employed.
What is A-scan biometry?
To perform retinoscopy on an infant, you would use this technique to neutralize the refractive error without needing a phoropter.
What is loose lens or free-space retinoscopy?
The Circle of Zinn-Haller is a circular anastomosis of short posterior ciliary arteries that supplies blood to this critical structure.
What is the optic nerve head?
This topical antibiotic has excellent coverage against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
What is Besifloxacin (Besivance)?
From the Greek for "waterfall" (katarraktes), this term describes the clouding of the eye's natural lens.
What is a cataract?
This advanced imaging technique uses a dye injected into the bloodstream to visualize the blood flow in the retina and choroid.
What is fluorescein angiography (FA) or indocyanine green angiography (ICG)?
A "stork bite" (nevus simplex) on the eyelid or a port-wine stain in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve should raise suspicion for this neurocutaneous syndrome, which is associated with glaucoma.
What is Sturge-Weber Syndrome?
These specific choriocapillaris sinusoids are located at the equator of the eye and drain via the vortex veins.
What are the vortex vein ampullae?
This biologic agent, an anti-VEGF inhibitor, is injected intravitreally to treat conditions like wet AMD and diabetic macular edema.
What are Aflibercept (Eylea), Bevacizumab (Avastin), or Ranibizumab (Lucentis)?
From the Greek for "wing" (pterygion), this is a triangular growth of fibrovascular tissue from the conjunctiva onto the cornea.
What is a pterygium?
This device measures the biomechanical properties of the cornea, providing a "corneal hysteresis" value that indicates the cornea's ability to absorb and dissipate energy.
What is the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA)?
This congenital condition is characterized by the absence of the iris, and is associated with a high risk of glaucoma and the development of a Wilms' tumor (aniridia-Wilms tumor association).
What is aniridia?