ChR2
The natural host of ChR2
green algae
this channel regulates resting membrane potential
leakkkyyyy potassium channels
The specific location of blue light illumination
apex
Term for the amount of light pulses that result in cardiac pacing
capture rate
The type of ions ChR2 allows to enter the cardiomyocycte
cations
contraction of this heart segment is designated by a QRS complex on EKG
ventricles
more blue light flashes/min correlated with
higher heart rate
In optical mapping, the wave originates at this color
red
The optimal wavelength of light to activate ChR2 (nm)
473 nm
Leakage of this ion into the cell drives depolarization of the SA node
Sodium
The electrode of positive polarity
anode
right ventricular electrical pacing causes
mechanical dyssynchrony AND/OR
worsening of ventricular performance
The classification of ChR2
(type of receptor)
light gated ion channel
The sinoatrial node is located in this quadrant
right atrium
The piece connecting the Langendorff apparatus to the heart
cannula / perfusion tube
Increased capture rate is dependent on these two variables
flash duration
light intensity
The full vector notation of the ChR2 delivery system. Also, name the function of one of the components of this system besides ChR2.
AAV-CAG-ChR2-GFP
1. CAG- promoter that allowed for ChR2 transcription in cardiomyocytes at the apex of rat hearts.
2. AAV9- a modified virus that inserted ChR2 into host DNA.
3. GFP- Its expression confirmed ChR2 transcription.
Sends electrical signal from SA node to AV node
internodal tract
the three types of operations performed on the rats
open chest
closed chest
isolated heart // Langendorff
The fastest method for signal conduction, followed by the next fastest method
1) normal sinus rhythm
2) dual site optogenetic pacing