JOY
Constitution
A constitution is also described as “the highest expression of the law”.
First large-scale election
The 1935 Commonwealth marked the first major nationwide election where Filipinos elected their own national leaders, starting self-government under U.S. supervision.
Malolos Constitution official religion
The Malolos Constitution of 1899, which was the first republican constitution in the Philippines, did not declare an official religion. Instead, it established freedom of religion.
Constitution of the United Kingdom
The Constitution of the United Kingdom is “uncodified” because it is not written in one single document.
Instead, it comes from many sources, such as laws, court decisions, traditions, and historical document
First Senate President
Manuel L. Quezon
Second Philippine Republic
On October 14, 1943, as provided for in the new constitution, the Second Philippine Republic was inaugurated with Jose P. Laurel as President
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Longest written constitution containing 444 articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and 118 amendments, with 146, 585 words in its English-language version
1943 Constitution
Condensed version of the 1935 constitution
Section 13 of Article III
Section 13 = Right to bail; not too high, fair, and guaranteed unless the crime is extremely serious.
Advantage and disadvantage of unwritten constitution
Advantage: flexible; Disadvantage: uncertainty and vagueness.
SECTION 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
This means the government cannot create a law that changes, cancels, or interferes with an existing valid contract between people, companies, or organizations.
Congress
Under the 1987 Philippine Constitution, only Congress (Senate + House of Representatives) has the power to declare the existence of a state of war.
KALIBAPI
The Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas or KALIBAPI, a Filipino political party that served as the political party during the Japanese occupation.
1899 Malolos Constitution Bill of Rights
It emphasized and safeguarded the basic civil rights of not only Filipinos but foreigners, through a Bill of Rights
Benevolent Assimilation
Benevolent Assimilation was a policy declared by U.S. President William McKinley in 1898 after the U.S. defeated Spain in the Spanish-American War. The proclamation stated that the United States would take control of the Philippines “for the benefit of the Filipino people”, promising protection, education, and modernization.
Right of Eminent Domain
The right of eminent domain is the power of the government to take private property for public use, but only if it gives just compensation to the owner.
Judicial Department
This is the branch of government charged with the interpretation of laws and the administration of justice. Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and other lower courts established by law.
●Supreme Court
●The Court of Appeals
●The Court of Tax Appeals
●The Sandiganbayan
●The Trial Courts of the First and the Second Level
Radyo Veritas
Radyo Veritas is a famous Catholic radio station in the Philippines known for its huge role during the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution.
A Catholic-run AM radio station.
Known as the “Voice of Truth.”
Operated by the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP).
1986 and 1987 Constitution
The 1986 Constitution was a temporary bridge, while the 1987 Constitution is the permanent law that restored democracy and protected citizens’ rights.
Local Government
The executive branch extends beyond the national government. According to Article X, Section 4 of the constitution, the President of the Philippines is mandated to supervise local governments all over the country. However, because of Republic Act No. 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991, local governments enjoy relative autonomy from the national government.
Article 2 Section 1
Article 2 Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people, and all government authority emanates from them.
Tydings-McDuffie Law
Tydings-McDuffie Law was approved on March 24, 1934, and was known as the Philippines Independence Act. It provided for the drafting and guidelines of a constitution for a 10-year “transitional period” .
Article II Section II
SECTION 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.
A police chief detains a group of protesters without informing them of the reason, searches their homes without a warrant, and confiscates their computers and phones. At the same time, he blocks a local news website covering the protest and forces employees of the city hall to attend a political rally.
Sections Violated:
Section 1 – Due process and equal protection
Section 2 – Security against unreasonable searches and seizures
Section 3 – Privacy of communication
Section 4 – Freedom of speech, press, and assembly
Section 8 – Right to form unions and associations
Section 15 – Writ of habeas corpus
A resident requests government records about a new road project that will affect his land. The local officials refuse to provide the documents and begin construction on his property without paying him compensation.
Sections Violated:
Section 7 – Right to information (denied access to public records)
Section 9 – Just compensation for private property (property used without payment)