Pump It Up!
Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood, and where does it go?
What is the right side; it pumps blood to the lungs?
What is the name of the membrane that surrounds and protects the lungs?
What is the pleura?
What is the basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber?
What is a sarcomere?
Which system works closely with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis?
What is the nervous system?
What are the three major steps of urine formation in the nephron?
What are filtration, reabsorption, and secretion?
What structure prevents backflow of blood between the left atrium and left ventricle?
What is the bicuspid (mitral) valve?
How does the partial pressure of gases drive respiration?
What is gases move from high to low partial pressure (O₂ into blood, CO₂ out)?
What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?
What is acetylcholine (ACh)?
What endocrine disorder results from too little insulin or insulin resistance?
What is diabetes?
Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing most of the water and nutrients?
What is the proximal convoluted tubule?
What causes the “lub-dub” sound you hear when listening to the heart?
What is the closing of the heart valves — the "lub" is the AV valves closing, and the "dub" is the semilunar valves closing?
What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?
What is reducing surface tension in alveoli to prevent collapse during exhalation?
Describe the sliding filament theory in one sentence
What is actin and myosin filaments slide past each other to shorten the sarcomere during contraction?
What hormone regulates the sleep-wake cycle, and which gland secretes it?
What is melatonin, secreted by the pineal gland?
How does aldosterone affect the kidneys?
What is it increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, leading to water retention?
Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than that of the right?
What is because it must pump blood to the entire body under high pressure?
What role do the intercostal muscles play during respiration?
What is they contract to expand the rib cage for inhalation?
What type of muscle fibers are best suited for endurance activities and why?
What are slow-twitch fibers because they have more mitochondria and use aerobic metabolism?
How do hormones released by endocrine glands reach their target organs?
What is hormones travel through the bloodstream to reach target cells with specific receptors?
Why does glucose appear in the urine of people with uncontrolled diabetes?
What is because blood glucose exceeds the reabsorption threshold in the proximal tubule?
Explain how atherosclerosis can lead to a heart attack
What is plaque blocks blood flow in a coronary artery, causing part of the heart muscle to die?
What mechanisms protect the lungs from pathogens and particles inhaled with air?
What is mucus traps particles and cilia move them out of the respiratory tract?
How does muscle hypertrophy occur at the cellular level in response to strength training?
What is muscle fibers increase in size due to more myofibrils and protein synthesis?
How does the endocrine system regulate growth and metabolism through hormone signaling?
What is hormones like growth hormone and thyroid hormones control cell growth, division, and metabolic rate over time?
Explain how the loop of Henle creates a concentration gradient in the kidney medulla.
What is it uses countercurrent multiplication to actively transport Na⁺ and Cl⁻ out of the ascending limb, concentrating the interstitial fluid and allowing water reabsorption from the descending limb and collecting duct?