Respiratory
Identify the structure that must remain open at all times to ensure air reaches the lungs.
What is the trachea?
This molecule allows red blood cells to transport oxygen.
What is hemoglobin?
This macromolecule is broken down into monosaccharides during digestion.
What are carbohydrates?
Identify the disorder caused by a lack of clotting proteins.
What is hemophilia?
Identify one structural feature of the alveoli that increases the efficiency of diffusion.
What is thin walls, large surface area, or close association with capillaries?
Explain why the left ventricle has thicker muscular walls than the right ventricle.
What is it must generate higher pressure to pump blood throughout the body?
Identify the organ that produces bile and explain one role bile plays in digestion.
What is the liver, and bile emulsifies fats?
Explain how atherosclerosis changes the structure of arteries.
What is plaque buildup narrows arteries and reduces elasticity?
Explain why gas exchange would be less efficient if alveoli were thicker, even if breathing rate increased.
What is increased thickness slows diffusion, limiting oxygen movement regardless of breathing rate?
Explain why capillaries are the primary sites of exchange rather than arteries or veins.
What is capillaries have thin walls and slow blood flow that allows diffusion?
A person eats a balanced diet but shows signs of nutrient deficiency. Use digestive system structure to identify the most likely cause.
What is damaged villi or small intestine reduces absorption despite normal digestion?
Explain how cystic fibrosis affects oxygen delivery.
What is thick mucus blocks airways and reduces gas exchange?
Describe how blood flow through pulmonary capillaries helps maintain a diffusion gradient for oxygen.
What is continuous blood flow removes oxygen, keeping concentration lower in blood than in alveoli?
How does blood flow against the flow of gravity? Name 2 bodily structures involved. Where does this happen?
What is muscles push blood forward while valves prevent backward flow? It happens in the veins?
Explain why pepsin does not digest the lining of the ileum.
What is the pancreas releases bicarbonate, which raises the pH of chyme in the small intestine and deactivates pepsin?
Explain how cystic fibrosis can place additional strain on the circulatory system.
What is reduced oxygen uptake forces the heart to work harder to deliver oxygen?
A person breathes normally, but oxygen levels in their blood remain low. Use respiratory system concepts to identify a likely structural problem and justify your reasoning.
What is damaged or thickened alveoli reduce diffusion, preventing oxygen from entering the blood efficiently?
Explain the path that blood takes through the heart.
What is superior and inferior vena cava --> right atrium --> tricupsid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary valce --> pulmonary artery --> pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> bicupsid valve --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta
Despite normal food intake, a patient has low blood lipid levels but normal glucose levels.
Identify the most likely digestive malfunction and explain the mechanism involved.
What is impaired bile delivery (or bile duct blockage) is most likely. Without bile emulsification, fats are not broken into small droplets, lipase is less effective, and fat absorption is reduced, while carbohydrate absorption can remain normal.
List three treatments for coronary artery disease and describe them.
What is:
- Angioplasty
- Medications that lower blood pressure/ blood cholesterol
- Coronary bypass surgery