A method for determining the structure of a molecule through peaks corresponding to protons in the molecule
What is proton NMR spectroscopy
C9H8O4
6
Reagent that allows for anti-Markovnikov addition of H and Br
HBr and peroxides in the presence of heat or light
The trend of increasing radical halogenation reaction time as you go up the period table
I2,Br2,Cl2,F2
Alcohol groups (O-H) can be visible at this frequency and looks like this:
3200-3650 cm-1 as a broad and strong peak
Chemical shift in NMR frequency is caused by this phenomenon where electron density is lesser and/or the presence of pi bonds in close proximity to protons
deshielding
benzene ring
4
Reagent that allows for the cleavage of a C=C double bond and what is that process called
1: O3
2: Zn and acetic acid
Called ozonolysis
Bromine will preferentially attach to this kind of carbon
tertiary carbons
A visual method for determining the possible functional groups in a molecule given the degree of unsaturation and the molecular formula
IR spectroscopy
Atoms that don't participate in NMR splitting
C29H50O2
5
Reagent(s) that allow for markovnikov addition of H and a halogen to an alkyne to end up with an alkane
Two portions of HX under cold, dark conditions (no peroxides)
X=Br,Cl,F
What kind of bonds do radical initiators prefer
C-H bonds
The 1450-500 cm-1 range in the IR can be used to help double check if a certain functional group peak farther down the spectra corresponds with a weaker peak in this region. This region is almost unique to any given molecule and can be difficult to read and is called
The fingerprint region
Methyl group proton peaks and other saturated chain proton peaks can be found in this region on the NMR spectra
1.5-0.0 ppm; upfield
C9H13N
4
Reagent that allows for radical bromonation of an alkane via SN2
Br2 and light or NBS and light
How radicals are created
Br2 is bombarded with intense light to yield a small number of radicals
Each type of bond when hit with IR light will absorb this light at different frequencies, hence allowing us to see certain functional groups via visible spectra peaks. By using reference tables of known absorption frequencies for varying functional groups, it is possible to determine the possible structure of a molecule given the molecular formula.
How IR is possible
Functional group that can be found in the 12.0-9.0 ppm region on NMR spectra
Protons in close proximity to carbonyl groups can be found here
C8H11NO3
3
Reagent that allows for an SN2 reaction to occur where an alkyne is lengthened via the addition of alkane
1: NaNH2 and a strong base
2: an alkane with a good leaving group such as Cl, Br, I, or OTs
The steps of a radical reaction
Initiation: radical species is created by being bombarded with intense light
Propagation: radical initiator cleaves an H from a C-H bond. A lone electron is left on that C and a H-X bond is created
Termination: The carbon with the single electron then takes another halogen radical species to form an R-X bond
This functional group is visible between 1690-1680 as a strong peak
carbonyl group (C=O)