General Principles
A species with an unpaired electron, often formed during homolytic fission.
What is a free radical?
The classification of a halogenoalkane where the carbon atom bonded to the halogen is attached to only one other carbon atom.
What is a primary halogenoalkane?
The classification of an alcohol where the carbon atom bonded to the OH group is attached to three other carbon atoms.
What is a tertiary alcohol?
The measurement of the molecular ion (M+) peak in a mass spectrum used to determine the relative molecular mass of a compound.
What is the m/z of the molecular ion?
What feature of a mass spectrum gives the relative molecular mass of a compound?
What is the molecular ion peak (M+)?
This type of bond breaking results in the formation of a carbocation and an anion.
What is heterolytic fission?
The general reaction type when a halogenoalkane is converted to an alkene using ethanolic KOH.
What is an elimination reaction?
The conditions required to oxidize a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid using acidified potassium dichromate(VI).
What is heating under reflux?
The type of vibration that gives a strong absorption in the region of 1620−1680 cm−1 in the IR spectrum of an alkene.
What is C=C stretching?
The visual observation used to compare the relative rates of hydrolysis of different halogenoalkanes.
What is the time taken for a precipitate (cloudiness/turbidity) to form?
Species that are attracted to and donate a pair of electrons to a region of low electron density.
What is a nucleophile?
The reagent that acts as a nucleophile to convert a halogenoalkane to a nitrile, which also increases the length of the carbon chain.
What is alcoholic potassium cyanide (KCN in ethanol) or the cyanide ion?
The qualitative test for the presence of the −OH group, which produces a chloroalkane and misty white fumes.
What is the reaction with phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5)?
The characteristic absorption in the range of 1680−1750 cm−1 that is common to aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.
What is C=O stretching?
The strong acid reagent used to chlorinate 2-methylpropan-2-ol.
What is concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
The concept that involves a detailed step-by-step sequence of bond-breaking and bond-making during a chemical reaction.
What is a reaction mechanism?
The trend in the rate of hydrolysis of primary, secondary, and tertiary halogenoalkanes, in order of increasing reactivity.
What is primary < secondary < tertiary?
The separation technique used to collect a pure liquid product after a reaction, based on differences in boiling temperature.
What is distillation?
A broad absorption peak in the range of 3200−3600 cm−1 in an IR spectrum is characteristic of the O-H group in this type of organic compound.
What is an alcohol?
The method used when oxidizing propan-1-ol to collect the volatile product propanal before it reacts further.
What is distillation?
The property of a covalent bond that is directly linked to the type of reaction mechanism (e.g., nucleophilic substitution) a compound will undergo.
What is bond polarity?
The key factor responsible for the trend in reactivity of primary chloro-, bromo-, and iodoalkanes, in order of RCl<RBr<RI.
What is the carbon-halogen bond enthalpy (or C-X bond strength)?
The type of reaction and reagent used to convert an alcohol into an alkene.
What is elimination using concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and heat?
The C-H stretching absorption in an aldehyde that can be used to distinguish it from a ketone in an IR spectrum.
What is C-H stretching (in the range 2750−2950 cm−1)?
The name of the technique used to remove water from a liquid organic product using an anhydrous salt.
What is drying?