Show:
Definitions & Planes
Tissues & Body Cavities
Body Regions
Directional Terms
Homeostasis
100
Explain how anatomy and physiology differ.
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. Physiology investigates the functions of these structures.
100
Identify the four levels of organization in the human body IN ORDER from smallest to largest, and provide a brief definition of each.
The four levels of organization in order from smallest to largest are: cells, tissues, organs, systems. Cells are the basic units of living things. They are either prokaryotic (no nucleus) or eukaryotic (yes nucleus). A tissue is a group of cells working towards a common function. An organ is a group of tissues working together towards a common function. A system is a group of organs working together towards a common function.
100
Identify (ID) the following body regions: face belly area area around the belly button
What is facial, abdominal, and umbilical?
100
Name a structure on the anterior surface of the human body. Explain why you chose that structure.
Anterior means towards the front. Therefore any structure located on the front of the human body would be acceptable, with proper explanation. The opposite of anterior is posterior, towards the back.
100
The effort of the human body to maintain a balanced state
What is homeostasis?
200
Give an example of an anatomical study and a physiological study in the human body.
An anatomical study would investigate the structure of a body part, such as describing the structure of the heart or lungs. A physiological study would investigate the function of an organ, such as describing the flow of blood through the heart, of how the lungs exchange oxygen.
200
Identify the four types of tissues and provide a brief description of each.
The four tissues are: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Epithelial tissues act as coverings or linings in the human body. An example is the skin. Connective tissues connect different parts of the body. Examples include tendons, ligaments, bone, cartilage, and blood. Muscle tissues allow movements of all sorts. There are three subtypes: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth. Nervous tissues make up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and help to control and coordinate all of the processes that occur in the human body.
200
ID the following areas: cranial cervical thoracic
Cranial: head cervical: neck thoracic: chest area
200
Name a structure that is completely medial in the human body. Explain why you chose that structure.
Medial means along the mid-line, so any structure along the mid-line would be ok (nose, mouth, chin, sternum, heart, etc.). The opposite of medial is lateral, meaning towards the sides.
200
Explain what is meant by the terms stimulus and response.
The stimulus is the change in the environment which causes a change in the body. The response is the change in the body, the effect which seeks to maintain homeostasis.
300
Distinguish between a sagittal and mid-sagittal plane.
A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right sides which are not necessarily equal. A mid-sagittal plane divides the body exactly into left and right halves, thereby giving rise to bilateral symmetry.
300
If a person were to suffer an injury to the superior portion of the dorsal body cavity, what organ would you be most worried about? Explain.
The superior (upper) portion of the dorsal (along the backbone) body cavity would be the cranial cavity. As it houses the brain, that would be the organ most at risk.
300
ID the following areas: inguinal patellar popliteal carpal
inguinal- groin patellar- kneecap popliteal- back of knee carpal- wrist
300
T/F (If false, correct): The heart is superficial to the ribs.
False. The heart is deep to the ribs. Superficial means closer to the surface of the human body (more exterior). Deep means closer to the core of the human body (more interior).
300
Contrast positive and negative feedback (how are they different).
Positive feedback occurs when the stimulus and response move in the same direction. Whether they both go up or down is irrelevant; so long as they move in the same direction, it is positive feedback. Negative feedback occurs when the stimulus and response move in opposite directions.
400
A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
What is a horizontal (transverse) plane?
400
A person suffers an injury to the lateral portion of the abdominal cavity. Where is their injury, and identify at least one organ which would be under great risk.
The lateral (to the side) portion of the abdominal (the belly) area would be towards the side of the belly area. Organs in this area might include: stomach, spleen, large intestine, portions of the liver.
400
Jane is in a car accident, and suffers a broken bone in the femoral area of her right leg. Identify the location of the injury as specifically as possible. X-ray reveals that Mary has suffered a break which runs in the same direction as the sagittal plane. Describe the break.
The femoral area refers to the upper leg, or thigh. Here, it is crucial to remember that right always means ANATOMICAL RIGHT, so the student must identify the anatomical right leg. Since the break is running in the same direction as the sagittal plane, it must run up and down, and section the bone in to left and right portions.
400
T/F (If false, correct): The ears are ventral to the nose.
False: The ears are dorsal to the nose. Ventral means "towards the belly", which in the human being is the same as anterior. Dorsal means "towards the backbone", which in the human being is the same as posterior.
400
Jenny's blood sugar gets too low, so she eats an orange. Positive or negative feedback? You MUST explain your reasoning correctly to get the points.
This is an example of negative feedback, because a decrease in blood sugar prompted Jenny to eat an orange, in other words to seek out more sugar. Since the stimulus and response are in opposite directions, it is negative feedback.
500
A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
What is a frontal (coronal) plane?
500
A researcher believes she has discovered a new tissue in the human body. The tissue appears to serve a lining function. How would you classify the tissue? Explain your reasoning.
The tissue is most likely epithelial, as tissues that serve a covering or lining function are typically epithelial. If the tissue were involve in control and coordination, it would most likely be nervous. If it were involved in contraction or movement, it would be muscular. Finally, if it were involved in connecting two or more parts of the body, it would most likely be connective.
500
Joe was involved in a car accident, and suffered an injury to the lumbar portion of his body. Doctors explained that the primary site of his injury is along the mid-sagittal plane, where bilateral symmetry is created. Identify the exact location of Joe's injury. Explain what is meant by the term bilateral symmetry, and give an example of an organism other than a human that has it.
Lumbar means lower back, so that is where Joe's injury must be. The fact that the primary site of injury is along the mid-sagittal plane means it is located at the most medial aspect of the human body, or along the mid-line. So, being specific, Joe got hurt along the very middle of his lower back. Bilateral symmetry refers to the fact that the right and left sides of the human body are mirror images of each other. Virtually all animals demonstrate bilateral symmetry, so any reasonable response will do.
500
T/F (If false, correct): The eyes are inferior and medial to the tip of the nose.
False. The eyes are superior and lateral to the tip of the nose. Superior means above, while inferior means below. Obviously, the eyes are superior to the tip of the nose. The eyes are also lateral, or more to the sides of the human body, than the tip of the nose.
500
Sarah jumped out from behind the door and scared Sam. When Sam first got scared, his body secreted adrenaline, prompting an increase in heart rate. A) What type of feedback is being demonstrated above? Explain your reasoning. Once Sam calmed down, his adrenaline levels decreased, prompting a decrease in his heart rate. B) What type of feedback is this? Explain your reasoning.
They are both positive feedback, because the stimulus and response move in the same direction in both cases. Regardless of whether the stimulus and response increase or decrease, the fact that they move in the same direction makes it positive feedback.