Comparison is the Thief of Joy
Who compiled a more accurate compilation of embryo pictures than Haeckel did?
Dr. Friedrich Miescher
What are the "letters" of DNA?
Nucleotides
What is the formation of proteins under the direction of DNA?
Transcription
What occurs when a single base changes form one nucleotide to another?
Point mutation
How does the Cytochrome C difference between bacteria and mammals differ from the Cytochrome C diifference between bacteria and insects?
It doesn't
What is the study of the changes in organisms due to how their genes are expresswed rather than an alteration in the structure of the genes themselves.
What is the attaching of a methyl group to a portion of the DNA code and helps regulate its regulate its expression?
DNA methylation
What is the phenomenon in which one gene affects the expression of more than one trait in an organism?
Pleiotropy
What is the yolk sac?
Supplies red blood cells for the human embryo's beating heart until the DNA directs the liver Ithen the bone marrow) starts producing the bloodd cells.
Which two gentlemen were responsible for reporting the structure of DNA as the double helix model?
James Watson and Francis Crick
What were the endogenous retroviruses?
Ancient retrovirus that infected human DNA and largely produced no beneficial function in their host
What are histones?
Small, spool-like proteins that DNA winds aroud so that it can fit in the cell's nucleus
What does the embryonic tail do for humans?
In adults, it is an important part of muscle attahcment that is need for upright posture.
What is "Junk" DNA better classified as? Give a definition of this classification.
UTR (untranslated region)
Responsible for taking the raw material in the protein-coding regions and putting it togetehr in the specific order needed for a particular protein
What is the difference between insertion and inversion?
Insertion - a segment of DNA is added inthe middle of an existing gene sequence
Inversion - a segment of DNA is inserted backwards into its original position
What is the pentadactyl pattern?
The presence of five digiets, five carpals, five metacarpals, two smaller bones in the lower arm, and one large bone in the upper arm
Explain if similar structures in embryos correspond to similar structures developing in adults.
It does not.
For example, the pharyngeal pouches of fish embryos become its respiratory system (gills). However, in humans, the pharyngeal pouches develop into the palatine tonsils, the middle ear canals, the thymus gland, and parathyroid glands. Structures that are considered homologous in adults of various species often develop from different parts of their embryos.
Give three reasons as to why epigenetics points against evolution.
It takes 75 differeent proteins to turn the info form a DNA molecule into a complete protein
All of the proteins involved in epigenetic modifications are encoded in the genome
the information necessary to make the protein needed to be already present
Give seven findings of ENCODE.
About 93% of the genome is fully translated into DNA
Protein-making sections of DNA can be used with parts of up to 33 different genes located on as many as 14 separate chromosomes
Transcripts are therefore 10-100x bigger than protein-producing gens becasue their information is gathered from several different genes to make one protein.
Transcription factors don't have to be next to the protein-coding genes they regulate.
Transcription of DNA strands proceded both forwards and backwards
Both strands of DNA are involved in transcription.
"Junk" DNA is better classified as untranslated regions (UTRs).
What is the difference between the HUman Genome Project and ENCODE?
ENCODE - a project that studied transcripts of humans