Ortho/Ex. Phys Review

Planes/misc.

100

divides body into anterior and posterior sections, abduction and adduction occurs around an AP axis

Frontal plane

200

divides body into right and left sections, flexion and extension occur around a medial-lateral axis

Sagittal plane

300

divides body into upper and lower sections, medial and lateral rotation occur around a vertical axis

Transverse plane

400

Cervical extension

- splenius/semispinalis cervicis

- iliocostalis cervicis

- longissimus cervicis

- multifidus

- trap

500

Cervical rotation/side bending

- SCM

- scalenus muscles

- splenius/longissimus/iliocostalis cervicis 

- levator scap.

- multifidus

Joint/muscle receptors

100

- joint capsule, ligaments, synovium, fat pads

- 1 type is sensitive to non-noxious mechanical stress, 1 type is sensitive to noxious mechanical/biochemical stimuli

- present in all joints

Free nerve endings

200

- fibrous layer of joint capsule

- high frequency vibration, acceleration and high velocity changes in joint position

- present in all joints

Pacinian corpuscles

300

- fibrous layer of joint capsule

- stretching of joint capsule, amplitude and velocity of joint position

- greater density in proximal joints, particularly in capsular regions

Ruffini endings

400

- sends information to nervous system about muscle length

- controls posture, involuntary movements

Muscle spindle

500

- sensory receptors where muscle tendons pass through to attach to muscle fibers

- sensitive to tension, transmit info about tension/change of tension within muscle

GTO

Muscle actions

100

Shoulder flexion

- Ant. deltoid

- Coracobrachialis

- Pec. Major (clavicular head)

- Biceps brachii

200

Shoulder extension

- lats

- post. deltoid

- teres major

- triceps brachii (long head)

300

Shoulder abduction

- middle deltoid

- supraspinatus 

400

Shoulder external rotation

- teres minor

- infraspinatus

- post. deltoid

500

Shoulder internal rotation

- subscapularis

- teres major

- pec. major

- lats

- ant. deltoid

Muscle actions (cont.)

100

Scapular elevation

- upper trap

- levator scap.

200

Scapular depression

- lats

- pec. major/minor

- lower trap.

300

Scapular protraction

- serratus anterior

- pec. minor

400

Scapular retraction

- middle trap.

- rhomboids

500

Radial deviation

- ECRL/ECRB

- Flexor carpi radialis

- Extensor pollicis longus

- Extensor pollicis brevis

Muscle actions (cont.)

100

Hip internal rotation

- TFL

- Glute med./min.

- pectineus

- adductor longus

- piriformis (w/ hip flexed to at least 90 deg.)

200

Hip external rotation

- Glute max.

- obturator externus/internus

- piriformis

- gemelli

- sartorius

300

Hip abduction

- glute med./min.

- piriformis

- obturator internus

- TFL

400

Ankle inversion

- posterior/anterior tib.

- flexor digitorum longus

500

Cervical flexion

- SCM

- longus colli

- scalenus muscles