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Perceptual deficits
Memory
Language
Mental Health
TBI
100
The area of lesion for auditory agnosia.
What is the right PTO area?
100
Loss of declarative memory of events before the trauma
What is retrograde amnesia?
100
The area of the brain responsible for the recognition and comprehension of words.
What is Wernicke's area?
100
A severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any event that results in psychological trauma.
What is post-traumatic stress disorder?
100
What is the most common type of TBI?
Focal injury
200
The inability to recognize objects by touch and manipulation alone.
What is astereognosis or tactile agnosia?
200
Conversion of short term memory to long term memory
What is consolidation?
200
Term used to describe word substitutions in Wernicke's aphasia.
What is paraphrasia?
200
Poverty of speech
What is alogia?
200
Describe the difference between closed vs. open TBI
Closed head injury is described as when the skull is intact and there has been no penetration of the skull. Open head injury is described as when penetration of the skull with direct injury to brain.
300
The ability to perceive or otherwise react to the size, distance, or depth aspects of the environment.
What is spatial perception?
300
Name and describe the types of declarative memory.
Semantic memory is facts independent of context. Episodic memory is information that is specific to context. Example: Recalling what a bike looks like is semantic memory. Recalling that moment you first learned to ride a bike is episodic memory.
300
Broca's Aphasia is a result of damage to Broca's area - which region of brain?
Frontal lobe
300
What do tricyclics do?
Medication used for major depressive disorder that increases available serotonin and norepinephrine.
300
Describe the difference between thrombus vs. embolism.
Thrombus is a formation of blood clot within the artery itself. Embolism is when a blood clot is formed, was dislodged, traveled in the blood stream and then become trapped in arteries closer to the brain. They both cause blockage that produces ischemia (temporary loss of blood supply), resulting in infarct.
400
Describe form discrimination and give an example.
The ability to perceive differences among objects and positional aspects of objects. Example 1: a child unable to distinguish between a square, a rectangle, and a diamond. Example 2: difficulty distinguishing similar letters such as m, n, and u. Example 3: difficulty distinguishing between words such as hose, house, and horse.
400
These neuro structures are damaged in Korsakov's syndrome
What is medial thalamus and mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus?
400
The association area of the cerebral cortex involved in goal-directed behaviors and self awareness
What is dorsolateral prefrontal association area?
400
What are the neural mechanisms involved in schizophrenia? What neural transmitters?
Dopamine - overactivity in mesolimbic DA pathway, causing positive symptoms. underactivity in mesocortical DA pathway, causing negative symptoms. Serotonin - hypoactivity in serotonin receptors in prefrontal cortex, causing negative symptoms. hyperactivity in serotonin where it's binding too much, causing positive symptoms. NMDA receptor hypofunction - excess DA in mesolimbic pathway and underactivity DA in mesocortical pathway.
400
Describe the Circle of Willis
Branches of the internal carotid and basilar arteries form a circle called the Circle of Willis.
500
Name and describe the three types of limb apraxia.
Ideomotor: inability to carry out motor demands Ideational: inability to create a plan for specific movement; difficulty sequencing Conceptual: difficulty using tools
500
Describe two neural mechanisms behind Alzheimer's Disease. (Be specific).
Neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques are associated with this disease. In a normal neuron, tau (a protein) that typically forms part of the microtubule transport system is abnormal and twists into tangles. Plaques are described as a result of extracellular deposits of amyloid build-up between neurons that accumulate and not broken down. This interferes with communication.
500
Name and describe the language pathway in order from hearing to forming a response.
1) Primary auditory cortex responsible for hearing something 2) Secondary auditory cortex classifies sounds 3) Wernicke's area is responsible for comprehension 4) Arcuate fasiculus is that pathway from Wernicke's to Broca's 5) Broca's area is responsible for instructions for language output 6) Pathway to primary motor cortex to send instructions from Broca's area 7) Axons of corticobulbar tract to cranial nerves involved with speech muscles
500
What is the treatment for schizophrenia? What is the prognosis?
Traditional antipsychotic drugs help manage positive symptoms by blocking all dopamine receptors. However, side effect of tardive dyskinesia possible if used long term. Other antipsychotic medications (such as Clozapine) manage both positive and negative symptoms by blocking specific dopamine receptors. Fewer motor side effects. Prognosis is pretty good - most patients can continue to lead productive lives with treatment to manage symptoms. Important to continue medication as drugs may make one feel like they are all better and don't need treatment anymore.
500
Which arteries provide anterior supply and which provide posterior supply of brain? Be specific
The middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery (making up the internal carotid system) supply anterior. The posterior cerebral artery and cerebellar arteries (making up the vertebral-basilar system) supply posterior.