I see the signs
Classic signs of croup?
Barky “seal” cough, inspiratory stridor, hoarseness.
What do mucolytics do?
Thin and loosen thick secretions
How long is TB treatment?
6–12 months (longer for drug‑resistant TB).
How do you calculate pack years?
Pack years = #packs/day X # years
What is the flow rate for a nasal canula?
2-6 L
Early signs of pediatric respiratory distress?
Tachypnea, nasal flaring, retractions, tachycardia, adventitious breath sounds.
What do bronchodilators do?
Relax bronchial smooth muscle → open airways.
Normal ABG values (PaO₂, PaCO₂, pH, HCO₃)?
PaO₂ 80–100; PaCO₂ 35–45; pH 7.35–7.45; HCO₃ 22–26.
What is the hallmark appearance of chronic bronchitis?
“Blue bloater” — chronic productive cough, cyanosis, edema, hypoxia, clubbing.
What is the respiration rate for a newborn?
30-60
Signs of respiratory failure in children?
Cyanosis, grunting, head bobbing, decreased LOC, “quiet breathing.”
What is the purpose of corticosteroids in respiratory disease?
Reduce airway inflammation
Most accurate diagnostic test for TB?
NAAT (Nucleic Acid Amplification Test).
Key risk factors for community‑acquired pneumonia?
Older age, no pneumococcal/flu/COVID vaccine, chronic disease, smoking.
Out of the different oxygen delivery masks (Nasal Canula, Simple Mask, Venturi Mask, Non-rebreather, Partial rebreather), which one provides the highest level of O2?
Non-rebreather Mask
Key symptoms of RSV?
Tachypnea, wheezing, crackles, retractions, nasal flaring, cyanosis.
Why don’t antibiotics treat influenza?
It is a viral infection; antivirals (e.g., oseltamivir) may be used instead.
When is a PPD considered positive? (TB test)
≥10 mm (general population); ≥5 mm (immunocompromised).
What does a “silent chest” indicate in COPD?
Severe airflow obstruction or pneumothorax — medical emergency.
What kind of lubricant, cannot be used on a person who is receiving oxygen?
Petroleum
What are the “4 D’s” of epiglottitis?
Drooling, Dysphagia, Dysphonia, Distressed breathing + stridor.
What is a major risk of cephalosporins?
C. diff infection
What is thoracentesis used for?
Removing pleural fluid/air; diagnostic or therapeutic.
What is the primary pathophysiology of emphysema?
Destruction of alveolar walls → loss of elasticity → air trapping → barrel chest.
Name the different types of oxygen applications (8)
Nasal Canula, Simple Mask, Venturi Mask, Non-rebreather, Partial rebreather, C-PAP, BIPAP, and Mechanical Ventilation.