Transtheoretical/Social Ecological Model
Define these terms: theory, model, construct, correlate, and determinant
- theory: why, what, & how?, empirically tested, explains/predicts events
- model: larger guidelines for resources/planning, combines multiple theories, not empirically tested
- construct: variable from theory or model (self-efficacy)
- correlate: positive or negative association, not causational, possible compounding variable
- determinant: predictive power, causational
What is the purpose of The Community Guide and who uses it?
- evaluate the current evidence on health promotion intervention approaches and strategies
- health practitioners
Define a built environment and a natural environment. What are some aspects of Iowa City that reflect these terms?
- built environment: any aspect of the environment (urban or rural) that has been created by people
- natural environment: physical aspects of the environment which were not created and have not been altered by people
IC: (built) - sidewalks, crosswalks (natural) - river
A PA researcher follows a group of adults over 30 years studying their PA behavior and how it changes. This is an example of...
a. case study
b. cross sectional study
c. longitudinal study
d. experimental study
longitudinal -- groups of people followed over time
What are some physical activity benefits for older adults?
reduced incidence of falls, reduced incidence of fall-related injuries, improved physical function (functional health)
Determine which correlate has a positive association with PA, negative association with PA, and no association with PA.
- high perceived effort
- income
- knowledge of health & exercise
- high perceived effort = negative
- income = positive
- knowledge = no association
Define and differentiate community wide campaigns and standalone mass media campaigns.
community wide: recommended and a have strong evidence of effectiveness, strategies within a community that influence many different sectors (school, work site, general community)
standalone: only mass media portion, insufficient evidence, doesn't necessarily lead to behavior change
Name 2 social inequality mechanisms that influence physical activity.
unequal distribution of PA resources, lack of access to health care, economic and social deprivation (biological stress, longer work hours, fewer social networks), targeted marketing and availability and unhealthy behaviors (fast food, tobacco)
An individual is using 17.5 ml/kg/min to jog. What is the MET value they are jogging at?
17.5 / 3.5 = 5 MET
*conversion: 1 MET = 3.5 ml/kg/min
Think of the different dose curves. What is an example of a disease reduced at high PA levels? What is an example of a disease reduced at low PA levels? What has a linear reduction with increasing PA?
high levels = osteoporosis
linear reduction = unhealthy weight gain
low levels = stroke
Sarah does not currently have an exercise schedule. However, she is planning to start one she has created with her personal trainer within the next month. She has a goal of losing 10 pounds. What stage of change is Sarah currently in?
Preparation -- making small steps, making a plan, setting goals, change soon
define autonomy, competence, and relatedness
autonomy: feeling in control in decision making, low pressure
competence: skilled, clear and realistic expectations, positive feedback
relatedness: social interaction, connectedness, emotional support
Heather has noticed that her running club could be more social. She suggests that after their runs they all go get coffee and discuss how it went for everyone. What is this an example of?
a. creating social networks
b. enhancing social networks
c. providing access to social resources
d. none of the above
enhancing social networks - enhancing existing social opportunities
Taylor's VO2 max is 10 MET and she is currently lifting at 80% intensity. What is her relative MET intensity while she is lifting? Is she working at a light, moderate, or vigorous intensity?
10 x .8 = 8 MET
working at a vigorous intensity
Katie goes to the doctor to get a checkup. Her doctor says that Katie needs to improve her cardiovascular endurance, and that in turn will help improve her blood glucose levels. What two aspects of fitness does the doctor want to target?
- health-related fitness: cardiovascular endurance
- metabolic fitness: blood glucose levels
*the other aspects are bone and skill related fitness
John expresses to his personal trainer that he doesn't think he can lift a certain weight. The personal trainer assures him that he has the tools/training he needs to succeed. John then is confident enough to lift the weight. What source of self-efficacy is this?
verbal persuasion
Rank the four types of extrinsic motivation from lowest self-determination to highest self-determination, then define them.
external (avoid punishment, reward), introjected (sense of obligation), identified (achieving personal goals), integrated (confirming sense of self)
What are the three ways to measure PA environments? Are there negative aspects to any of these measurements?
- self report -- room for bias, perceptions may not be consistent with reality
- direct observation (audit) -- time consuming, detailed
- secondary analysis techniques -- population density, traffic, crime *why is it important to use this kind of data?
Carl is 25 years old. He is getting 75 minutes of running at 7 MET a week and is doing upper body resistance training on Tuesday, and lower body resistance training on Thursday. Is Carl meeting the physical activity guidelines for his age?
No -- need to do muscle strengthening exercises for all large muscle groups twice a week
Apply FITT: An individual trains 4 times a week, has a split routine, and usually does 3 sets of 10 reps. Their goal is to increase their strength. How can they apply FITT to reach their goal?
frequency: less reps
intensity: heavier weights (overload)
type: slower lifts w/ heavier weights
time: 2-3 times a week, allow for rest
Emily needs to move from the precontemplation to contemplation stage while Kevin needs to move from the preparation to action stage. Provide two cognitive constructs to target for Emily and two behavioral constructs to target for Kevin. (transtheoretical model)
Emily: conscious raising, dramatic relief, environmental reevaluation, social liberation, self-reevaluation
Kevin: counter conditioning, helping relationships, reinforcement management, self-liberation, stimulus control
An individual wants to work towards meeting the physical activity guidelines. How can you target each construct in SDT to help them reach their goal?
using autonomy, competence, relatedness (answers vary)
What is the difference between street scale urban design and community scale urban design? What features of walkability does each focus on?
- street scale: micro level, sidewalk availability/quality, aesthetics, bicycle lane quality -- walkability features focused on neighborhoods (maintained and continuous sidewalks) and aesthetics (clean, shade, benches)
- community scale: macro level, design elements address proximity of home to other resources, safety -- walkability features focused on street connectivity (frequent intersections, short blocks), and mix-land use (less than 1/2 mile or 10 min walk)
What are all the important aspects of the physical activity guidelines for children aged 6-17 years old?
- must get 60 minutes of PA every day
- most of that time can be moderate intensity, at least 3 days should be vigorous
- most of the 60 minutes should be aerobic, but muscle and bone strengthening should be a part of 60 minutes as well
- 3 days of bone and muscle strengthening a week
- no conversion of moderate and vigorous intensity
What is the mechanism that leads to coronary heart disease and how does it occur?
atherosclerosis
tear in artery wall, fatty material deposited to help, narrowed artery from plaque build up, can lead to blot clots getting stuck (heart attack, stroke)