Membrane Transport Mechanism
This environment is generally high in potassium ions (K+) and low in sodium ions (Na+).
What is the intracellular environment?
This type of signaling involves cells releasing signals that affect their own activity.
What is autocrine signaling?
What is ANP (like literally).
This percentage represents the approximate amount of total body weight that is made up of water.
What is around 60%?
How an enzyme speeds up a reaction.
What is lowering the activation energy barrier?
These types of transporters move two different molecules in opposite directions across a membrane.
What are antiporters?
Steroid hormones regulate transcription by binding to these intracellular molecules, which then act on DNA.
What are nuclear receptors?
This drug works to treat pulmonary artery hypertension and erectile dysfunction by inhibiting phosphodiesterase 5
What is Sildenafil?
Dannet-Yarrow diagrams are used to visualize changes in these fluid compartments
What are ECF and ICF?
The four general mechanisms of catalysis
What are acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis, metal ion catalysis, and proximity/orientation effects?
According to Fick's Law, increasing this characteristic of a membrane will decrease the rate of diffusion of solutes.
What is membrane thickness?
Describes the strength of the binding between a ligand and its receptor, represented by the symbol Kd.
What is the dissociation constant?
The role of Nitric Oxide in the vascular system.
What is activation of guanylate cyclase to increase synthesis of cGMP levels, and activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinases leading to relaxation of blood vessels?
This method uses the concentration of a dye injected into a compartment to determine its volume.
Indicator dye dilution method
This type of inhibitor binds to an enzyme-substrate complex at a site different from the active site and decreases both Km and Vmax.
What is an uncompetitive inhibitor?
This genetic disorder results from a mutation in the CFTR gene, leading to defective chloride ion transport across epithelial membranes and clinically manifests with thick mucus in the lungs and pancreatic insufficiency.
What is Cystic Fibrosis
In the cAMP signaling cascade, this enzyme converts ATP to cAMP, initiating the cascade.
What is adenylate cyclase?
Nitric oxide can be produced by these two small molecules
What is amyl nitrate and nitroglycerin
Define Osmolarity vs Osmolality
What is Osmolarity measures solute concentration per liter of solvent, while Osmolality measures solute concentration per kilogram of solvent
This parameter describes the concentration of a drug when 50% of the target enzymes are bound, indicating the binding affinity.
What is the dissociation constant (Kd)?
A 45-year-old man presents to the emergency department with severe muscle weakness and fatigue. He reports that he has been feeling progressively weaker over the past few days and has had difficulty walking and lifting objects. His medical history is significant for hypertension and chronic kidney disease. He is on lisinopril for hypertension and recently started on furosemide for fluid management. On physical examination, he has a heart rate of 90 beats per minute, blood pressure of 130/85 mm Hg, and no edema. Laboratory results reveal the following:
Based on the patient's symptoms and laboratory findings, what type of transport mechanism is most likely responsible for his muscle weakness?
What is reduced active transport
A 60-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with severe chest pain radiating to her left arm. She is diagnosed with an acute myocardial infarction and is immediately started on a beta-blocker and nitroglycerin. Beta-blockers are known to affect cellular signaling by interacting with adrenergic receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors.
Upon binding of the beta-blocker to the beta-adrenergic receptor, which of the following steps most accurately describes the sequence of events in the G protein signaling pathway that leads to a decrease in cAMP levels?
Upon binding of the beta-blocker to the beta-adrenergic receptor, accurately describe the sequence of events in the G protein signaling pathway that leads to a decrease in cAMP levels?
What is Inhibition of adenylate cyclase, leading to decreased production of cAMP.
Match insulin, growth factors, cAMP, cGMP, calcium, and 2,3-diacylglycerol with the protein kinases that they activate.
What are insulin and growth factors activating receptor tyrosine kinases, cAMP activating protein kinase A, cGMP activating protein kinase G, calcium activating calmodulin-dependent kinase, and 2,3-diacylglycerol activating protein kinase C?
A 45-year-old male with a history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus presents to the emergency department with confusion and weakness. His blood pressure is 180/110 mmHg, and blood glucose is 450 mg/dL. On examination, he appears lethargic with dry mucous membranes and decreased skin turgor. Laboratory tests reveal severe hypernatremia. What membrane proteins are most directly involved in regulating water movement in this patient's cells?
What is Aquaporins
A 54-year-old patient with a history of rheumatoid arthritis presents with worsening joint pain and swelling. His current medications include low-dose aspirin for cardiovascular prophylaxis. Laboratory tests reveal elevated markers of inflammation. What mechanism best describes how aspirin exerts its anti-inflammatory effects?
Irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase AKA Suicide inhibition