Neonatology
This scoring system, performed at 1 and 5 minutes, assesses Heart Rate, Respiratory Effort, Muscle Tone, Reflex Irritability, and Color.
What is the APGAR score?
This "slapped cheek" rash is caused by Parvovirus B19.
What is Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)?
This is the most common congenital heart defect worldwide, characterized by a harsh holosystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border.
What is a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?
A child presents with sudden onset wheezing and decreased breath sounds on one side; you should immediately suspect this.
What is Foreign Body Aspiration?
At this age, a child should be able to walk alone and speak about 1–3 clear words.
What is 12 months (1 year)?
premature infant presents with abdominal distension, bloody stools, and "pneumatosis intestinalis" on X-ray
What is Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)? (Look for that "soap bubble" appearance on X-ray).
A 3-year-old presents with high fever, "barking" cough, and inspiratory stridor. X-ray shows the "steeple sign."
What is Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)?
In an infant with Tetralogy of Fallot, "squatting" or bringing knees to chest increases this, which helps reduce the right-to-left shunt.
That is Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)? (Increasing SVR forces blood into the high-resistance pulmonary artery).
This is the preferred first-line treatment for a child in status epilepticus.
What are Benzodiazepines (e.g., Lorazepam, Diazepam, or Midazolam)?
This is the age at which a child typically doubles their birth weight.
What is 4 to 5 months? (Remember: Triples by 1 year, quadruples by 2 years).
This is the most common cause of respiratory distress in a full-term infant delivered via C-section, often resolving within 48-72 hours.
What is Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN)?
This classic triad of symptoms—chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications—suggests this congenital infection.
What is Congenital Toxoplasmosis?
: An X-ray showing an "egg-on-a-string" heart appearance is classic for this cyanotic condition.
What is Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)?
A 2-year-old presents with "currant jelly" stools and intermittent colicky abdominal pain.
What is Intussusception?
A child who can hop on one foot, draw a square, and tell stories is likely at this age in years.
What is 4 years old?
Medication is administered to the mother in preterm labor (before 34 weeks) to promote fetal lung maturity.
What are Corticosteroids (specifically Betamethasone or Dexamethasone)?
This is the first-line antibiotic treatment for a child with suspected Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep) pharyngitis.
What is Penicillin V or Amoxicillin?
A machine-like continuous murmur heard at the left infraclavicular area is pathognomonic for this.
What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
This is the standard fluid resuscitation bolus (in mL/kg) for a pediatric patient in hypovolemic shock.
What is 20 mL/kg? (Usually Normal Saline or Lactated Ringer's).
The presence of this primitive reflex, characterized by the fanning of toes, is considered normal in an infant but abnormal in an adult.
What is the Babinski Reflex?
infant born to a mother with poorly controlled gestational diabetes is at risk for this electrolyte abnormality, which can lead to seizures.
What is Hypocalcemia? (Hypomagnesemia is also common; both are due to transient hypoparathyroidism in infants of diabetic mothers).
A 4-week-old presents with a fever of 38.5°C (101.3°F). Beyond a physical exam, these three fluids must be cultured as part of a "full septic workup."
What are Blood, Urine, and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?
A syndrome presents with high fever, strawberry tongue, and desquamation of the hands/feet; its most feared complication is coronary artery aneurysms.
What is Kawasaki Disease?
An adolescent with a "muffled voice," drooling, and uvular deviation likely has this diagnosis.
What is a Peritonsillar Abscess?
This is the first sign of puberty in males (Tanner Stage 2).
What is Testicular Enlargement? (Pubic hair is usually Stage 2 as well, but enlargement of the testes is the technical clinical marker).