Questions
What year was the PAI Released?
1991
What type of T Scores are used on the PAI?
Linear T Scores
Tell me everything you know of ICN Inconsistency PAI
Determine degree of consistent responding throughout PAI
10 item pairs, each with related content. Pairs correlated with one another, but no overall content.
Can have no more than 18 blank or mismarked items
Clinicial Subscales
Subscales may be interpreted even if "parent" scale is not
Subscale configurations: Patterns that emerge when 1 or more subscales are elevated ("high")
see Morey Chapter 2 ( pp.23-80) for a listing of all possible subscale configurations and detailed description of each scale
Not all scores will have a subscale config.
Clinical Scales
MAN Mania
24 items
Items focus on the affective, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms of mania and hypomania
3 subscales include:
Activity level
Grandiosity
Irritability
What year was the updated PAI published?
2007
What group was used to norm the sample for the PAI?
Norm group of college students, clinical sample, community persons and census matched
Community Sample is SES matched for 1995 census
Reading level is 4th - 6th grade
18 years or older
40-50 minutes to complete
Tell me everything you know about PAI Infrequency INF
Measures random responding, indifference, carelessness, confusion, or reading difficulties
8 rarely endorsed items. 4 very true and 4 false. No theme to the content. Impact of pathology was minimized.
Clinical Scales SOM
Somatic Complaints (SOM)
24 items
items focus on preoccupation with health matters and somatic complaints specific to somatization and conversion disorders preoccupation with health matters and somatic complaints specific to somatization and conversion disorders
3 subscales
Conversion
Somatization
Health Concerns
PAR PAI
24 items
items focus on the symtoms of paranoid disorders
and more enduring characteristics of paranoid personality
3 subscales include
Resentment
Hyperviglance
Persecution
True or False
The MMPI was intended to compete with MMPI-2
True
What are the five Broad Areas:
Validity, Clinical, Interpersonal Style, Treatment complications & Subject enviroment
Everything about NIM Negative Impression
Degree to which a client has a negative outlook on their circumstances
9 items answered differently by those told to "Fake Bad" from norms.
Maybe an indicator of malingering
Validity especially strong for faking schizophrenia, but weaker for anxiety disorders
Clinical groups are somewhat higher (e.g. patient with Borderline PD)
Clinical Scales ANX
Anxiety ANX
Items focus on phenomenology and observable signs of anxiety with an emphasis on assessment across different response modalities
24 items
3 subscales
Cognitive
Affective
Physiological
Schizophrenia
SCZ
24 items
Items focus on symptoms relevant to the broad spectrum of schizophrenia disorders
3 subscales include
Psychotic Experiences
Social Detachment
Thought Disorder
There are how many non-overlapping scales and what are they broken down into?
22 non-overlaping scales non-overlaping scales
4 core validity scales
11 clinical scales
5 treatment scales
2 interpersonal scales
Configural Analysis using cluster analysis formula
Relatively easy to hand score
Configural Analysis using cluster analysis formula
Each of the main clinical scales is made up of 3 or 4 subscales with equal number of items (8) based on rational breakdowns of equal number of main scale contents by experts & literature review.
PAI PIM Positive Impression
Measures degree to which an individual presents a very favorable impression or denies minor flaws
9 items which answered differently by non-clinical & clinical groups in contrast to those instructed to "fake good"
Anxiety Related Disorders (ARD)
Anxiety Related Disorders ARD
24 items
Item focus on symptoms and behaviors related to specific anxiety disorders
3 subscales
obsessive - compulsive
phobias
PTSD
Borderline Features
24 items
Item content focuses on attributes of borderline type personality functioning. This includes unstable and fluctuating interpersonal relations, impulsivity, affect liability, emotional instability and uncontrolled anger
4 subscales include
Affective Instability
Identitity problems
Negative relations
self harm
What are the four response choices of the PAI?
False (F)
Slightly True (ST)
Mainly True (MT)
Very True (VT)
What made up the Sample N
Sample N
Census Matched Standardization 1,462
Representative Clinical Sample 1,265
College Students Sample 1,051
Census Total White Male 41.1% Female 44.0%
Black Male 5.4% Female 6.3% total 11.7%
Other Male 1.5% Female 1.7% Total 3.2%
Clinical Scales
Linear, non-transformed T-scores.
Common ranges (but each scale may differ to some extent)
<40T=Low (little or no difficulty reported)
40-59T = Average (WNL)
60T to 70T = High ( Mild to Moderate difficulty)
>70T = Very High ( Moderate to severe difficultly)
DEP Depression
24 items
Items focus on symptoms and phenomenology of depressive disorders ( unipolar)
3 subscales
Cognitive
Affective
Physiological
ANT PAI
Antisocial Features
24 items
Content focuses on a history of acts and authority problems egocentrism lack of empathy loyalty instabilty and excitement seeking
3 subscales include
Antisocial Behaviors
Egocentricity
Stimulus Seeking