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TYPES OF PAIN
FACTORS INFLUENCING PAIN
OPIOIDS and NONOIPIOID ANALGESICS
NONPHARAMCOLOGICAL PAIN-RELIEF INTERVENTIONS
OTHER METHODS OF PAIN CONTROL
100
This type of pain has an identifiable cause, is of short duration, and has limited tissue damage and emotional response.
What is acute/transient pain?
100
This influencing factor include age, fatigue, genes, and neurological functions.
What are physiological factors?
100
This is another, more traditional term for opioids.
What are narcotics?
100
One way allows the patients to alter affective-motivational and cognitive pain perception. The other way is the mental and physical freedom from tension or stress that provides individuals a sense of self-control.
What is relaxation and guided imagery?
100
Tricyclic antidepressants (Nortriptyline), anticonvulsants (Neruontin), infusional lidocaine and Corticosteroids.
What are examples of adjuvant drugs?
200
This type of pain lasts longer than 6 months and is constant or recurring with a mild-to-severe intensity. It does not always have an identifiable cause and leads to great personal suffering.
What is chronic/persistent noncancer pain?
200
These factors include attention, previous experience, family and social support and spiritual factors.
What are social factors?
200
Sedation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, constipation, physical dependence, tolerance, and respiratory depression. (Note: Physical dependence and addiction are clinical concerns that may prevent proper prescribing and in turn inadequate pain management.)
What are side effects of opioids?
200
With this intervention, a person ignores or becomes unaware of pain with sufficient sensory stimuli. This intervention directs a patient's attention to something other than pain and thus reduces awareness of it.
What is distraction?
200
This is a drug delivery system that allows patients to self-administer opioids (morphine, hydromorphone, and fentanyl) with minimal risk of overdose.
What are patient-controlled analgesics?
300
This is pain that occurs sporadically over an extended period of time. Pain episodes lasts for hours, days, or weeks. Examples are migraine headaches and pain related to sickle cell disease.
What is chronic episodic pain?
300
These influencing factors include anxiety and coping style.
What is psychological factors?
300
These are two examples of nonopioids.
What are acetaminophen (Tylenol) and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)?
300
This intervention stimulates the skin to reduce pain perception using massage, warm bath, ice bag, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) (pg. 981 Potter & Perry).
What is cutaneous stimulation?
300
This is an unsutured catheter from a surgical wound placed near a nerve or groups of nerves connected to a pump contianing a local anesthetic (bupivacaine or ropivavcaine).
What is perineural local anesthetic infusion?
400
This is pain caused by nociceptive pain, including somatic (musculoskeletal) and visceral (internal organ) pain or neuropathic pain which arises from abnormal or damaged pain nerves.
What is pain by inferred pathological process?
400
This influencing factor is closely associated with a person's cultural background, cultural beliefs and values.
What is cultural factors?
400
This is a major adverse effect when taking Acetoominophen. Therefore the maximum 24-hour dose is 4 grams (the same dose limitation for aspirin)
What is hepatotoxicity?
400
This intervention uses echinacea, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, and garlic supplements despite a lack of evidence supporting their use in pain relief.
What are herbals?
400
This can be a local anesthetics (EMLA) or a patch that is placed on to the skin.
What are a topical analgesics?
500
This is chronic pain in the absence of an identifiable physical or psychological cause or pain perceived as excessive for the extent of an organic pathological condition.
What is idiopathic pain?
500
This influencing factor is the patient's self-report of pain and is the single most reliable indicator of its existence and intensity.
What is the patient's perception of pain? (BONUS)
500
This is a rare adverse effect of opioids in opioid-naive patients.
What is respiratory depression? (Note: sedation ALWAYS occurs before respiratory depression. Thus closely monitor for sedation in opioid-naive patients).
500
This is a simple intervention that promotes comfort by removing or preventing painful stimuli. This includes nursing inteventions such as providing laxatives for constipation, ambulation of patients and increasing fluids for normal elimination.
What is reducing pain perception?
500
This is an infiltration of an anesthetic medication to induce loss of sensation to a body part. Usually used during a brief surgical procedure such as a removal of a skin lesion or suturing a wound.
What is a local and regional anesthetic?