The Endocrine System
Name the 4 parts of a pancreas
Head
neck
body
tail
What two major processes occur during times of fasting?
glyocgenolysis
gluconeogenesis
What form of diabetes is mainly characterized by its autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells?
Type 1 Diabetes
Name 5 common complications of diabetes
Diabetic Neuropathy
Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Cardiovascular Disease
Name 3 diseases that can result from hormonal imbalance
Name the 4 known pancreatic endocrine cells and their respective hormones.
alpha cells- glucagon
beta cells- insulin
delta cells- somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide (PPY) cells -pancreatic polypetide
What enzyme links glucose (sugar) molecules at the 1 and 4 carbons during glycogenesis?
Glycogen synthase
Define insulin resistance.
Overexposure to glucose leads to a high demand of pancreatic beta cell function and increased need and production of insulin. Overtime, the beta cells become resistant to insulin being produced. As a result the beta cells become overworked and begin to die off which could lead to Type 2 diabetes
What is the most common treatment for individuals that have diabetes
Insulin treatments
What is a positive feedback loop? Name 1 example.
When a products feeds back into itself and it increase its own production
Childbirth-oxtyocin production
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine function?
Exocrine-aids in digestion
Endocrine-Aids in glucose homeostasis
What molecule is one of the first to aid in the breakdown of glycogen molecules during glycogenolysis?
Glycogen phosphorylase
List 3 causes of Type 2 diabetes.
Obesity, insulin resistance, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, age, genetics, culture, environment, stress
Why is diabetic ketoacidosis life threatening?
When the body starts breaking down fat at a rate that is much too fast. The liver processes the fat into a fuel called ketones, which causes the blood to become acidic.
What is the name for chemical messengers released from endocrine glands into the blood stream to act on organs in another part of the body
Hormones
What is the importance of the pancreatic duct?
pancreatic duct connects with your bile duct. This duct transports bile from your liver to your gallbladder. From the gallbladder, the bile travels to part of your small intestine called the duodenum. Both the bile and the pancreatic enzymes enter your duodenum to break down food
What process is responsible for a great production of ATP from increased glucose?
Glycolysis
What is gestational diabetes?
A form of diabetes that can develop during pregnancy as a result of increased insulin resistance in the mothers
What are three pharmaceutical treatments for diabetes?
Metformin (biguinides)
Sulphonylureas
Incretin mimetics
SGLT2 inhibitors
List all 9 glands of the endocrine system
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pancreas
Adrenal gland
Testes
Ovaries
(will except Gonads)
Describe glucose regulation from the perspective of hyperglycemia.
In a hyperglycemic condition, insulin is released and binds to insulin receptors which allow the uptake and storage of glucose in the form of glycogen in the skeletal muscle and liver
What is the difference in how the liver vs the muscle undergo glycogenolysis?
The liver has glucose-6-phosphatase which allows for an easier production of glucose from the glycogen breakdown product glucose-6-phosphate
The skeletal muscle does not have glucose-6-phosphatase, so it will shuttle the glucose-6-phosohate down the glycolysis pathway.
How many people in the US currently have diabetes according to the CDC?
37.3 million people have diabetes in the US
Which weight-loss surgery could cause the most complications?
Gastric band surgery