Symptoms
This symptom makes people feel like their heart is racing fast uncontrollably
What is palpitations?
Having a close relative with panic disorder increases this type of risk
What is genetic risk?
Panic disorder affects about this percentage of U.S. adults
What is 2-3%?
According to biological theories, abnormal activity of this neurotransmitter may trigger panic disorder.
What is norepinephrine?
This type of psychotherapy, abbreviated as CBT, is considered the gold standard for panic disorder
What is cognitive behavioral therapy?
Shortness of breath during a panic attack can feel like this frightening experience
What is choking sensations?
Major life stressors, such as divorce or job loss, are examples of these triggers
What are environmental stressors?
Who are more likely to suffer from panic disorder (twice as much than the other)?
What are females?
Stimulating the locus coeruleus in nonhuman primates produces these panic-like symptoms.
What are fear and anxiety responses?
This therapeutic approach gradually exposes patients to feared bodily sensations or situations to reduce avoidance.
What is exposure therapy?
Panic attacks often cause sweating, trembling, and this sensation of dizziness or loss of balance
What is lightheadedness?
Dysfunction in this brain structure, which processes fear, may contribute to panic disorder
What is the amygdala?
The term panic disorder is also known as this because people's fear of future attacks
What is "fear of fear"?
Conditioning theories suggest panic attacks can develop through this type of learning, where bodily sensations become triggers.
What is classical conditioning?
Lifestyle changes such as avoiding caffeine, exercising regularly, and practicing relaxation techniques are examples of these supportive strategies.
What are lifestyle modifications?
People with panic disorders often experience a --- ---, such as other anxiety disorders or major depressive disorders
What is comorbid disorder?
This brainstem region, the major source of norepinephrine, has been implicated in panic disorder when abnormally activated
What is the locus coeruleus?
Family and twin studies suggest that panic disorders has this heritability percentage
What is 43%
Cognitive theories argue that people with panic disorder often interpret ordinary bodily sensations in this exaggerated way.
What is catastrophically?
According to cognitive theories, reducing these catastrophic thoughts about bodily sensations can be as effective as medication.
What are catastrophic cognitions?
Panic disorder can cause fear of having another attack, leading to this avoidance behavior?
What is agoraphobia?
Abnormal activity of this neurotransmitter in the locus coeruleus has been linked to panic disorder
What is norepinephrine?
Panic disorder is often comorbid with other mental health conditions, most commonly this mood disorder
What is major depressive disorder?
Reducing these catastrophic thoughts about bodily sensations has been shown to be as effective as medication in reducing panic attacks.
What are catastrophic cognitions?
Combining psychotherapy with pharmacological treatment is known as this type of approach.
What is a multimodal or combined treatment approach?