ACID Properties
This term describes a set of SQL operations that are executed as a single logical unit of work.
What is a database transaction?
This normal form removes repeating groups and ensures that each field contains only atomic (indivisible) values.
What is 1NF?
This SQL operation combines rows from two tables based on a related field, typically a primary key and foreign key.
What is JOIN?
OR What is INNER JOIN?
This field uniquely identifies each record in a relational database table and cannot contain duplicate or null values.
What is a primary Key
A is: Raw, unprocessed facts such as “95, 87, 78” without context are classified as this.
B is: When exam scores are analyzed to determine that a student performed 12% above the class average, the result is this.
A - Data
B - Information
This ACID property ensures that a database transaction is either fully completed or not performed at all — with no partial updates.
This is the underlying reason why normalization improves data integrity.
What is the reduction of data redundancy?
Find the error in this code:
SELECT Student_ID, Course_ID
FROM Students
JOIN Enrollments ON Student_ID = Student_ID;
The correct JOIN:
Students.Student_ID = Enrollments.Student_ID
This is used when we need to ensure that data within a database matches the original documents used to construct it.
What is verification?
This key difference between data and information involves context and interpretation and requires this particular type of action to change it...
What is data processing?
This command cancels a transaction and restores the database to its previous consistent state before the transaction began.
What is Rollback?
This dependency exists when a non-key attribute depends on the entire primary key and nothing but the primary key.
What is full functional dependency?
OR
What is proper dependency?
This clause is used in SQL to restrict records returned based on a specified condition.
What is WHERE?
This element identifies a record by using two or more fields combined - used when a single field is not sufficient.
What is a composite key?
This process involves creating a visual representation of the structure of a database before it is implemented.
What is data modelling?
This ACID property guarantees that after a transaction is completed, all database rules, constraints, and integrity conditions remain satisfied.
What is consistency?
A table is in 2NF but not in 3NF. This means it has eliminated partial dependencies but still contains this type of dependency.
What is a transitive dependency?
What issues might this query cause?
DELETE FROM Enrollments
WHERE Course_ID = 'CS101'
This query removes the relationship between students and CS101, but not the course. It may fail if there is a relationship and this breaks the referential integrity.
The table below indicates which database problem?
Stdnt_ID (PK) | Stdnt_Name | Tchr_ID | Tchr_Name
What is a transitive dependency.
This level of database design focuses on entities, attributes, and relationships without considering physical storage details.
What is the conceptual schema?
This concept refers to multiple users accessing the database at the same time without corrupting the data.
What is concurrency
This requirement of First Normal Form states that each field must contain only a single, indivisible value rather than multiple values or repeating groups.
What is atomicity?
OR What is data being Atomic?
What does this query do?
SELECT S.Student_ID, S.Name
FROM Students S
WHERE S.Student_ID NOT IN (
SELECT E.Student_ID
FROM Enrollments E
);
What is selecting students who are not enrolled in any course?
When updating a customer’s address requires modifying multiple records across a table, this problem is occurring due to data redundancy.
What is an update anomaly?
This responsibility of a database administrator involves designing and enforcing backup, recovery, and security policies to ensure data remains protected, recoverable, and consistent in multi-user environments.
What is database maintenance and security management?