France 1.1 - 1.2
What war did Louis XVI involve the French in between 1777 and 1783 that contributed to the French debt?
The American Revolution
This term describes the organization of the Directory into two branches of the legislature
bi-cameral
List two new agricultural techniques that led to more food production in the agricultural revolution
animal breeding
the seed drill
crop rotation
use of the turnip and clover
Why did rural dwellers move to cities in Britian in the late 1700s and early 1800s?
jobs
Bloody Sunday
The Russo-Japanese War
Who was the leader of the Provisional Government?
Alexander Kerensky
What event led to the removal of Louis XVI and his family from Versailles never to return?
The Women's March
The laws of France under Napoleon were called ____.
Napoleonic Code
What were TWO advantages in Britain that led the country into the Industrial Revolution
Bank of England and capital
resources: coal and iron ore
navigable rivers and ports for trade
labor force from the countryside
stable government
Why did child labor increase during the Industrial revolution in Britain?
wages were low and families needed all members to contribute to their survival
During WWI, the Russians fought with the ____ Powers.
Allied
Moscow and Petrograd
The National Assembly created this paper money, which the established to reduce inflation, but failed miserably.
assignats
How was the education system of France transformed under Napoleon?
It was for all boys 10 - 16, designed to create an elite middle-class that could govern France in the future.
It excluded the studies of religion in favor of languages, math and social studies.
The Cottage System or the Putting Out system
After the October Manifesto, Tsar Nicholas II reasserted autocratic power by passing
The Fundamental Orders/Laws
List two strengths the Bolsheviks had that gave them the advantage in the Russian Civil War, 1918 - 1920
Red Terror - scare tactics to motivate the army
control of Moscow and Petrograd - industrial supplies
large population for recruitment and factory work
War Communism - the use of all the resources to the war effort
popularly supported to reestablish government of Russia
This was the symbolic start of the French Revolution, although this event (which took place for the first time in 150+ years) was the actual start of the revolution.
Storming of the Bastille
Louis XVI called the Estates-General
Napoleon cleverly covered up his failed military battle for France in this country, as he promoted his rise to power and overthrow of the Directory.
Egypt
entrepreneurs
they feared a loss of jobs
they hated the technology transition
The battle at the start of WWII (1914), in which Russia was proven to still lack industrialization and a weaker army was
Tannenberg
LAND
What were two results of the flight to Varennes?
Louis VI was accused of Treason and put on trial
many of the monarchists fled France as emigres
Author of What is the Third Estate and Director who aided Napoleon in his coup d'etat.
Abbe Sieyes
Explain the connection between mercantilism and the slave trade
slaves were used in colonies were used to increase the resources that Britain could use in industry, mercantilism
The key difference between middle class families and working class families, besides wealth was
the cult of domesticity, the mother did not work because the husband earned enough for the family
3 causes of the tsar's abdication in March 1917
the Petrograd steel workers strike
the women's march for break
soldiers turning on their officers and joining the protest
In his April Theses, Lenin wrote of the reorganization of the Russian government under the control of the ____.
Soviets
To which Estate did the members of the bourgeoisie belong?
third estate
The Directors were part of the Thermidorian Reaction that came from the ____ class which had gained from this document ending the Estates System in France. (2)
middle and August Decrees
What was the purpose of canals and turnpikes in the early industrial revolution and who benefitted the most?
to decrease the transportation costs, the investors
What was the significance of the book by Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England?
the book drew attention to the problems of the working and living conditions of the working poor
List TWO specific reasons that Nicholas II was a terrible leader.
He had no interest in governing
He believed himself to be and ruled like an autocrat
He cared very little about his people
He appointed terrible advisors
What was ONE purpose and effect of the NEP
to stimulate the Soviet economy after the Russian Revolution
to end the problem of inflation after the Russian Civil War
private land ownership and capital emerged in the Soviet Union
peasants were able to produced excesses they could sell in the marketplace
To ensure the Committee of Public Safety could round up counter-revolutionaries and those hoarding food, the National Convention wrote this document, the National Convention wrote this document.
The Law of Suspects, 1793
To encourage emigres to return to France, and make his rise of power legitimate, Napoleon many of them pardons called...
amnesty
How did Edmund Cartwright and Eli Whitney transform the textile industry
inventor of the powered loom and cotton gin, factory system and the use of cotton in textiles
What was the purpose of the People's charter?
to grant universal manhood suffrage
Explain two ways that Sergei Witte tried to improve the Russian economy early in the 20th century.
Foreign investments in Russian development of industry
the building of railroads that connected the major cities of Russia
valuing the Russian Ruble to the Gold Standard to increase its value
Two effects of the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk on Russia.
Russia's role in WWI came to an end
Russia gave up over 1m sq km
Russia lost 1/3 of its industry and farmland
Russia 1/2 of its population
What was the outcome of the Meeting of the Estates-General in 1789 and why was this a failure for King Louis XVI?
The Tennis Court
Louis XVI would no longer be an absolute monarch, but one restricted by a constitution, and loss of power
starvation - he lowered food prices
issues with the Catholic Church - Concordat of 1801
inflation - fair taxation system
NOT SOLVED - authoritarian power
James Watt, increased production and led to the development of large machines to produce textiles
The Chartists movement gained sympathy when they staged a march here, and the British government used troops to disperse the crowd
The Peterloo Massacre
Why were Stolypin's Reforms mostly unsuccessful?
It created only a 15% increase in agricultural production.
Only the southern region of Russia saw the growth in agricultural production.
Stolypin was assassinated before his program could take full effect
The peasants continued to starve
Ongoing fighting in WWI
The July Days
The Kornilov Affair
What event led to the execution of Louis XVI, and resulted in the death of hundreds of Girondists, and turned the power in France over to sans-culottes.
The September Massacres or the Journee
Napoleon established religious toleration, by make the church recognize other religions.
He controlled church authorities because he appointed church leaders and nationalized the land the church controlled.
What business helped to open trade between Britain and India in the 1750s?
The British East Indian Company
Robert Owen's Grand National Trade Union was designed to
increase workers rights, better conditions, better wages, better hours
List one reason that the Provisional Government's power was never secured in Russia?
Undermined by the opposition groups: Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries
Continued Russia's involvement in WWI
divided power among the assembly, the Military Commission of the Duma and the Petrograd Soviet
What are two reasons that the Bolsheviks launched their revolution in October of 1917?
they feared that they would lose in the general elections of the constituent assembly - first elected assembly
Lenin feared that they would lose support for the Revolution at the meeting of the All Russian Congress of Soviets
Kerensky's plan to remove the garrison from Petrograd, giving him the ability to beat the Bolsheviks
What document was the inspiration for the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and what ideological movement inspired it?
The Declaration of Independence
the Enlightenment
Name the two unsuccessful coups of the Directory and the One successful one
The Babeuf Coup
The Coup de Fructidor
The Coup de Prairial (Napoleon)
Mercantilism is government controlled economy and in laissez-faire the market controls itself
This section of the British government heard testimony from workers and manufacturers and eventually passed this legislation limiting the number of working hours to 10
House of Commons The factory Act
What was the real purpose behind Russification and the Black Hundreds?
To persecute/convert the Jews to Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Why were the Mensheviks never able to take control in Russia?
They allowed the Bolsheviks to lead the 1917 revolution on their own terms, not a collective group
They left the meeting of the All Congress of Soviets in 1917, leaving the Bolsheviks in charge.
Weaker leadership than the Bolsheviks and unable to persuade Russians to their cause over the Bolsheviks.