Baumeister & Leary
What theory do Baumeister & Leary propose to explain why humans form and maintain social bonds?
What is the "Belongingness Hypothesis"?
What are the two parts of Sheldon's Two-Process Model ?
What are "Needs-as-Motives" and "Needs-as-Requirements"?
What are the three psychological needs that Ryan & Deci's Self-Determination Theory identifies as essential for motivation and well-being?
What are "autonomy, competence, and relatedness"?
What was the primary focus of Tay & Diener's research in their 2011 paper?
What is "examining the relationship between basic/psychological needs and subjective well-being across different cultures"?
Scenario: An individual is reluctant to leave an abusive relationship.
Question: How would the belongingness hypothesis explain this behavior?
What is "the reluctance to break social bonds shows the deep-rooted and powerful need to belong"?
According to Sheldon's Two-Process Model, motives and requirements can be decoupled? What does that mean? Give an example
What is "motivated behavior does not necessarily supply missing requirements, and missing requirements might not spur relevant motives; for example, a depressed person may not seek friendships despite belongingness being a fundamental need."
What is novel about Self-Determination Theory's perspective on extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation?
What is "it proposes that extrinsic and intrinsic motivation lie on a continuum with various types of motivation rather than being two categorical types of motivation"?
According to Tay & Diener findings, what type of needs are most strongly related to positive feelings across different cultures?
What are social and respect needs?
Do you think that the Need to Belong Model presented in the paper is limited? Why or why not? Have theorists expanded the needs model?
Up to you! :)
In the paper, Sheldon compares and contrasts physical needs with psychological needs. How are they different? (Especially in terms of urgency and how their ill effects manifest)
What is "psychological needs are not as pressing or as required as physical needs, and people can tolerate much more thwarting of psychological needs than physical needs; moreover, psychological needs may arise in complex temporal dynamics unlike biological drives"?
Sheldon (2011) makes a distinction between needs-as-requirements and needs-as-motives. According to Sheldon, under which of these categories would the Self-determination theory fall under? Why?
What is "Needs as requirements. SDT focuses on experiences that are necessary to foster well-being"
What do you see as the biggest limitations and/or strengths of the study? OR what should future studies examine?
Up to you :)
Of the 9 criteria required for something to be a fundamental human motivation laid out by B and L (1995), which would/has been the most challenging to demonstrate?
(a) produce effects readily under all but adverse conditions
(b) have affective consequences
(c) direct cognitive processing
(d) lead to ill effects (such as on health or adjustment) when thwarted
(e) elicit goal-oriented behavior designed tosatisfy it (subject to motivational patterns such as object substitutability and satiation)
(f) be universal in the sense of applying to all people
(g) not be derivative of other motives
(h) affect a broad variety of behaviors, and
(i) have implications that go beyond immediate psychological functioning
Up to you!
Provide a hypothetical example of someone going through the regulatory process that links needs-as-requirements and needs-as-motives (the TOTE model)
Should follow this general format:
1) There is an unmet requirements
2) Then, there is a motivation to attain that requirements
3) Action
4) Successful attainment of requirements and, thus, reinforcement of those actions
Scenario: Berny is a graduate student who very much enjoys research for the sake of doing research + presenting and discussing research. His mentor recommends that he submit a poster for a conference due at the end of September. Berny is motivated to submit the poster.
Question: According to Ryan and Deci, What KIND of motivation is this (reference figure on page 5 of PDF) (also reference descriptions starting on paragraph 3, 4, and 5 on page 5 of PDF)
Integrated regulation! (though identified regulation is also acceptable)
In their paper, Tay & Diener (2011) examine, among many things, whether needs are independent of each other in their effect on wellbeing. What is your opinion on the matter? Use reasoning and (ideally) evidence from the papers to support your response.
Up to you! :)