Review of Airway Anatomy
The ______________ is the lowest portion of the pharynx and opens into the larynx anteriorly
What is the hypopharynx
The fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) increases with:
supplemental oxygen.
3 main factors that will increase a person's respiratory rate:
(1) increased metabolism.
(2) the use of amphetamines.
(3) a rise in body temperature.
Atelectasis occurs when:
a deficiency of surfactant causes alveolar collapse.
Tenting of the skin under the jaw often occurs when airway devices are inadvertently inserted into the:
What is the "piriform fossa"
Your male patient is intubated with "the average male size " ET tube when you notice that the tube is secured at "26" at the teeth. What is your impression of the ET tube placement?
ET Tube is too deep.
...Average depth is three time ETT diameter...
Normally, an adult male will require an ET tube that ranges from:
7.5 to 8.5 mm. (8 mm is common)
Anatomically, the ________ is directly anterior to the glottic opening
What is the thyroid cartilage
The physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs is called:
What is ventilation
Negative pressure ventilation occurs when:
air is drawn into the lungs when intrathoracic pressure decreases.
Indications for CPAP include:
acute pulmonary edema.
When a patient's respirations are too rapid and too shallow:
inhaled air may only reach the anatomic dead space before being exhaled.
What non-medical condition would MOST likely cause laryngeal spasm and edema?
Inhalation injury
What finding is MOST significant in a patient with acute respiratory distress?
Prior ICU admission for the same problem
The ____________ are pyramid-like structures that form the posterior attachment of the vocal
What are "arytenoid cartilages"
Which of the following factors would MOST likely produce a falsely normal pulse oximetry reading?
Carboxyhemoglobin
In contrast to negative pressure ventilation, positive pressure ventilation occurs when:
air is forced into the lungs.
CPAP is NOT appropriate for patients with:
slow, shallow respiratory effort.
A full (2,000 psi) D cylinder will last approximately ______ minutes if you are administering oxygen at 12 L/min.
24
A whistle-tip suction catheter is MOST often used to:
remove secretions from an ET tube.
In contrast to a curved laryngoscope blade, a straight laryngoscope blade is designed to:
extend beneath the epiglottis and lift it up.
Name the disease specifically effecting the alveoli?
What is "Emphysema"
An increasing peak expiratory flow reading in a patient with respiratory distress suggests that the patient is:
responding to bronchodilator therapy.
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in the
external respiration.
In addition to acute "pulmonary edema" patients, define a patients who may benefit from CPAP?
Alert patient with respiratory distress following submersion in water
The purpose of a Bourdon-gauge oxygen flowmeter is to:
reduces the high pressure in the oxygen cylinder to a safe pressure.
If an unresponsive patient does not have a gag reflex, an oropharyngeal airway:
should be inserted whether the patient is breathing or not.
When inserting a stylet into an ET tube, you must ensure that:
the stylet rests at least ½ inch back from the end of the tube.
__________ is the smooth moist epithelial layer covering the lungs
Visceral Pleura
The average peak expiratory flow rate in a healthy adult is approximately:
550 mL.
What is the main perfusion problem with "anemia?"
Anemia results in a decreased ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
When administering CPAP therapy to a patient, it is important to remember that:
the increased intrathoracic pressure caused by CPAP can result in hypotension.
In contrast to negative pressure ventilation, positive pressure ventilation:
may impair blood return to the heart.
Complications associated with the one-person bag-mask ventilation technique are MOST often related to:
inadequate tidal volume delivery.
Intubation of the trauma patient is MOST effectively performed:
by two paramedics.
The __________ in the brain controls ventilation
Medulla
What abnormal respiratory patterns generally do NOT suggest brain injury or cerebral anoxia?
Kussmaul respirations
Hypoventilation causes a(n) __________ and leads to __________.
decreased minute volume, hypercapnia
Signs of clinical improvement during CPAP therapy include:
increased ease of speaking
Placing a suction catheter past the base of the tongue:
may cause the patient to gag or vomit.
When two paramedics are ventilating an apneic patient with a bag-mask device, the paramedic not squeezing the bag should:
maintain an adequate mask-to-face seal.
After properly positioning the patient's head for intubation, you should open his or her mouth and insert the laryngoscope blade:
into the right side of the mouth and sweep the tongue to the left.
A length-based resuscitation tape measure can be used to determine the most appropriate size of bag-mask device for pediatric patients who weigh up to:
34 kg.
It would NOT be appropriate to place a patient in the recovery position if he or she:
is breathing shallowly.
Biot respirations are characterized by:
an irregular pattern of breathing with intermittent periods of apnea.
Physiologic effects of CPAP include:
opening of collapsed alveoli.
Which of the following statements regarding the automatic transport ventilator (ATV) is correct?
The paramedic can control an apneic patient's minute volume with accuracy when using an ATV.
Paramedics must use extreme caution when accessing the airway via the cricothyroid membrane because:
the cricothyroid membrane is bordered laterally and inferiorly by the highly vascular thyroid gland.
Capnography is a reliable method for confirming proper ET tube placement because:
It is an objective finding, rather than a subjective finding such as "lung sounds / questionable lung sounds.
"Subjective" findings are "Qualitative while "Objective" findings are "Quantitively." You need both when confirming correct ETT placement
Additionally, carbon dioxide is not present in the esophagus.