Cattle
~1cm in length
L3 infective stage
• L3 is ensheathed
• Slender, pinky-brown
• Fine cervical papillae
• Males have a bursa and
spicules
PPP = ~ 3 weeks
What is Ostertagia ostertagi?
A treatment used in the USA to prevent Dirofilaria immitis
What is Heartguard?
It is where a small proportion of the host population carries the majority of the parasitic population
What is Over dispersion?
It is the most important protozoal disease of
livestock
What is coccidiosis?
Large, white, fleshy worms
• Direct life cycles
• May include paratenic host
• Infective stage = egg containing the L2/L3
• Eggs highly resistant & long lived
• Infections usually stimulate strong immunity
What is Ascaris suum?
Lympho-tracheal migration is a key part of the life cycle
What is Dictyocaulus viviparus?
A drug given ~7days pre-partum to prevent trans mammary transmission in cats
What is Emodepside?
It has Lappets behind each of four suckers and adults are found at ileo-caecal junction
What is Anoplocephala perfoliata?
A treatment for sheep and cattle coccidiosis
What is Toltrazuril?
It is a hypersensitivity response to migrating larvae in the liver
What is "Milk spot" liver?
Triclabendazole and closantel
What are the drugs used to treat acute Fasciolosis?
Small intestine of dogs and cats
• Intermediate host
• Ctenocephalides felis - flea
• Trichodectes canis - canine chewing lice
• ~50cm long
• Scolex
• 4 unarmed suckers
• Protrusable rostellum bearing 4-7 rows of
small hooks
• Many segments, the gravid ones are barrel
shaped (rice grains)
• Two genital pores on each proglottid
• Egg capsules, each containing 10-15 eggs
What is Dipylidium caninum?
The most significant Strongylus in terms of causing disease
What is Strongylus vulgaris?
Non-burrowing blood-feeding mite of domestic and wild birds
• Major economic importance.
• Lives in environment and is found on host at night when it feeds
• Appears bright red when fully blood-engorged, grey/black later
What is Dermanyssus gallinae?
Only female adults are parasitic
• Reproduce by parthenogenesis
• Infective stage: L3
• Percutaneous infection
• Lactogenic transmission – ingestion
of L3 in milk
• Migration via lungs to small
intestine
• PPP: <15 days
What is Strongyloides?
A cestode that uses ruminants as a definitive host
What is Moniezia spp.?
Disease
• Tracheo-bronchitis
• Coughing
Diagnosis
• Young dogs, 1-2 years old (PPP = 10-18 weeks)
• Bronchoscopy to identify nodules
• Larvae in faeces (low sensitivity)
• Transtracheal wash or bronchoalveolar lavage cytology or tracheal swabs may reveal larvae or eggs
Treatment
• Fenbendazole
What is Oslerus osleri?
Clinical signs:
sudden onset diarrhoea/ weight loss
sudden weight loss/oedema
acute diarrhoea, weight loss and collapse
colic
What is Cyathostominosis?
A Permanent blood-sucking mite of poultry
what is Ornithonyssus (Liponyssus) sylvarum?
It causes no disease in domestic animals but can cause serious disease in humans
What is Trichinella spiralis?
Pathology
• Enteritis
• Villous atrophy
• Crypt hyperplasia
• Loss of mature epithelial cells
• Clinical symptoms occurs 3-7 days after infection – coincides with oocyst shedding
• Common cause of diarrhoea in very young calves and lambs
(0-6 weeks old)
• Can also affect puppies and kittens
• Watery, non-bloody diarrhoea, dehydration, inappetence and gastrointestinal discomfort
• Mortality not uncommon
• Self limiting infection (stimulates good immunity)
What is cryptosporidiosis?
Clinical signs
• Faecal-oral route of transmission
• Diarrhoea, colitis (large bowel)
• Young cats <1 year
• Multi-cat households
• Prevalence in UK
• 10-15% pet cats
• 30% with diarrhoea
Diagnosis
• faecal smears – differentiate from Giardia
• Culture from faecal sample (In Pouch system)
• PCR
Treatment and Control
• Treatment with ronidazole (related to
metronidazole)
• Diagnostic PCR at LVPD
What is Tritrichomonas foetus?
Eggs passed in faeces
• Develop on the ground – temp dependent
• ~4 weeks
• Egg (containing L2/l3) eaten by horse
• L2/L3 migrates to liver, lung (L3) [hepato-tracheal migration]
• Coughed up, swallowed, L4-L5 (adult) in
small intestine
• PPP = ~12 weeks
What is Parascaris equorum?
What is the difference between Ascaridia galli + Heterakis gallinarum and the rest of the ascarid species?
Diagnosis
• Clinical signs – strong indication of coccidiosis
• Often low or negative oocyst counts – not definitive
Treatment
• Sulphonamides @ 3, 10 and 17 days old
• Toltrazuril – one dose, preferably @ 4-5 days old
• Early before gut damage – prevent clinical disease
• Late infection - destruction of C. suis triggers an immune response protecting from future infections
• 77 day meat withdrawal period - recorded in medicines records.
Control – Good hygiene
• Indoor - removing contaminating oocysts from environment
• Resistant to most conventional disinfectants but lime washing effective.
• Outdoor - arcs must be moved between consecutive farrowings and boards should be avoided
What is Cystoisospora (Isospora) suis?