Factors in Disease Development
What are the main types of factors that influence disease development?
Genetics, environment, lifestyle, age, and gender.
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)?
CO = Heart Rate (HR) × Stroke Volume (SV).
What organ system is responsible for bringing oxygen into the body?
The respiratory system.
What type of genetic disorder is Huntington’s disease classified as?
A neuromuscular disorder.
What is hypoperfusion?
Inadequate blood flow to tissues to meet oxygen needs.
Which viewpoint focuses on measuring disease in terms of incidence and prevalence?
Population effects.
Define “preload” in relation to cardiac function.
The volume of blood entering the ventricles during diastole.
What are the two main body responses during the compensation stage of shock?
Increased heart rate and narrowed blood vessels.
What disease is associated with H. pylori bacteria?
Peptic ulcers.
List one main cause of shock due to inadequate blood volume.
Hemorrhage.
Name two personal habits that can contribute to disease development.
Poor diet and lack of exercise.
What effect does high blood pressure have on afterload?
It increases afterload, making it harder for the heart to pump blood
Name two conditions required for oxygen to reach tissues effectively.
Adequate red blood cells and proper tissue perfusion.
Which type of diabetes is associated with both genetic factors and lifestyle choices?
Type 2 diabetes.
How does vasodilation contribute to hypoperfusion?
It decreases blood pressure, reducing the blood flow needed for tissue perfusion.
How do environmental factors like pollution and housing impact health?
They increase the risk of disease, especially in under-resourced areas.
What is the average cardiac output in liters per minute?
4-6 liters per minute.
What stage of shock occurs when the body can no longer maintain blood pressure and oxygenation?
Decompensation stage.
What some characteristics of cardiovascular diseases mentioned in the content?
Hypertension, cardiomyopathy, CAD, QT prolongation.
What is one effect of catecholamines during hypoperfusion?
They increase heart rate and blood pressure as part of the body’s compensation.
What does “multifactorial” mean in the context of disease?
A condition resulting from a mix of genetic and environmental factors, such as diabetes.
How is Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) calculated?
Answer: MAP = [2(DBP) + SBP] / 3.
What does “irreversible shock” mean?
A shock stage where organ damage is too severe for recovery, even with intervention.
What is MODS, and why is early recognition important?
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome; early recognition is crucial for treatment and supporting affected organs.
Name two types of shock and provide a brief description of each.
Cardiogenic (heart pump failure) and hypovolemic (low blood volume).