Groups
This was the first freely-elected all-German parliament; it sought to create a constitution for a unified Germany but instead was just a “powerless forum” as other states like France and Russia refused to recognize it.
What is the Frankfurt Parliament?
This Polish military leader, who also fought in the American Revolutionary War, led an insurrection against Russia in 1794.
Who is Tadeusz Kościuszko?
On March 12, 1794, this revolt broke out in the National Cavalry Brigade after the Russians ordered the 50% reduction of the Polish army in the unoccupied part of Poland; the uprising was later crushed, leading to the third partition.
What is the Kościuszko Uprising?
The Franco-Russian Treaty of Tilsit, in which Russia recognized the Duchy of Warsaw in return for Polish territory, was the site of this partition, as defined by Engels.
What is the fourth partition?
This social class in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were represented in the Sejm.
What are the szlachta?
Existing from 1768-77, this confederation of Polish nobles was established to defend Polish independence against Russia, triggering the first partition when its members tried to kidnap King Stanislaw II August.
What is the Bar Confederation?
This Polish revolutionary served as commander of the Greater Polish Uprising of 1848, participated in the Baden insurrection of 1849, and was the dictator of the 1863 Uprising.
Who is Ludwik Mierosławski?
This uprising was organized by General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski to help advancing French forces under Napoleon liberate Poland from Prussian occupation.
What is the Greater Poland Uprising of 1806?
In this year, an international meeting of support for the Polish proletariat in London became the founding meeting of the First International.
What is 1864?
Within this territory, the Russian Empire engaged in a campaign of repression after 1815: Tsar Alexander I abolished the free press and freedom of assembly, and persecuted Polish independence groups.
What is Congress Poland?
This conspiracy of Polish magnates formed in May 1792 under Tsarina Catherine II, directing its efforts against the reforms of the May 3 Constitution.
What is the Targowica Confederation?
This Russian tsar, who ascended to the throne in 1855, passed reforms that created the conditions for an uprising in Congress Poland.
Who is Tsar Alexander II?
This uprising was stirred up when Russia planned to use the Polish Army against French revolutionaries in 1830, and Polish cadets rebelled. Russians eventually crushed the uprising.
What is the November Uprising of 1830?
After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, Europe was reorganized and The Duchy of Warsaw was split between Russia, Prussia, and Austria at this meeting. Engels referred to this as the fifth partition.
What is the Congress of Vienna?
This parliamentary device allowed any member of parliament to nullify any kind of legislation, as there needed to be unanimity for laws to pass.
What is the liberum veto?
This committee was created in Berlin in 1848 to represent the Grand Duchy of Poznań in negotiations with Prussia around national reorganization.
What is the Polish National Committee?
President of the Province of Posen from 1830-1841, this figure feared a Polish uprising and embarked on a policy of anti-Polish Germanization.
Who is Eduard Von Flottwell?
The manifesto of this uprising announced the liberation of peasants and full equality of Jews. The uprising at first drove Austrian officials out of the city, allowing a Polish national government to take control, but was ultimately defeated by the Austrians, leading to the sixth partition.
What is the Kraków Uprising of 1846?
This 1791 legislation was formally incorporated into the May 3 Constitution and expanded the rights of the bourgeoisie, including participation in the Sejm and the right to acquire landed property.
What is the Free Royal Cities Act?
This document, written by progressive thinker Hugo Kołłątaj, combined noble democracy with a constitutional monarchy and a hereditary throne.
What is the May 3 Constitution?
This radical-democratic group, initially organized around a group of students in Warsaw, formed in 1859 to prepare for the outbreak of the January 1863 uprising.
What is the Red Party?
This figure was a hardline Prussian general who replaced Willisen because he was too sympathetic to Poland.
Who is Ernst von Pfuel?
This was an unsuccessful military insurrection of Poles against Prussian forces throughout the Grand Duchy of Posen, leading to what Engels refered to as the seventh partition.
What is the Greater Poland Uprising of 1848?
At this meeting, Prussian general Karl Willisen proposed dissolving Mierosławski’s forces in exchange for immediate national reorganization. This solution was criticized by Germans for being too sympathetic to Poland.
What is the Jarosławiec Convention?
This phrase was said by Kosciuszko when he was wounded and captured by Russians in 1794; Kautsky would use this phrase as the title of an 1896 article.
What is "Finis Poloniae" or "Poland is finished"?