A
How is past obligation (i.e. there was no other choice) expressed?
HAD TO
What's the past of MUST?
HAD TO
How are past NECESSITY and LACK OF NECESSITY expressed?
needed to/ didn't need to
How can we CRITICIZE past actions?
How is SPECULATION about the past expressed?
MUST HAVE
MAY/ MIGHT/ COULD HAVE
CAN'T/ COULDN'T HAVE
Which past modal expresses that something wasn't necessary: a) couldn't have / b) didn't need / c) might not have ?
b) DIDN'T NEED
When we are certain that a past action happened, what modal verb do we use: A) MUST HAVE, B) MAY/MIGHT HAVE or C) CAN'T/ COULDN'T HAVE?
MUST HAVE
When we are certain that a past action didn't happen, what modal verb do we use: MUST HAVE, MAY/MIGHT/ COULD HAVE or CAN'T/ COULDN'T HAVE?
CAN'T/ COULDN'T
When we are not certain about a past action, what modal verb do we use:
A) MUST HAVE
B) MAY/MIGHT/ COULD HAVE
C) CAN'T/ COULDN'T HAVe
?
MAY/ MIGHT HAVE
instead of SHOULD, we can also use ______
ought to
There was no choice but to buy the book:
a) They HAD TO BUY the book.
b) They MUST HAVE BOUGHT the book
a) They HAD TO BUY the book.
Express criticism of this past action:
It was a waste of money buying that book -
a) I COULDN'T HAVE BOUGHT the book
b) I SHOULDN'T HAVE BOUGHT the book
c) YOU SHOULDN'T HAVE BOUGHT the book
C) You shouldn't have bought
I bet that was interesting:
a) That MUST HAVE BEEN interesting
b) That MAY HAVE BEEN interesting
a) That MUST HAVE BEEN interesting
Maybe, she forgot about the deadline
a) She MUST HAVE FORGOTTEN about the deadline
b) She MAY HAVE FORGOTTEN about the deadline
b) She COULD HAVE FORGOTTEN about the deadline
I regret not buying that camera:
a) I OUGHT TO HAVE BOUGHT that camera
b) I MUST HAVE BOUGHT that camera
a) I OUGHT TO HAVE BOUGHT that camera
I left my laptop at home because IT WASN'T NECESSARY:
a) I DIDN'T NEED TO use it in the meeting.
b) I MIGHT NOT HAVE USED it in the meeting.
c) I COULDN'T HAVE USED it in the meeting
a) I DIDN'T NEED TO use it in the meeting.
She didn't commit the crime, she was with me.
A) She might not have commited
B) She wouldn't have commited
C) She couldn't have commited
C) She couldn't have commited
Obviously, he didn't receive your message
a) He CAN'T HAVE RECEIVED your message
b) He MIGHT NOT HAVE RECEIVED your message
a) He CAN'T HAVE RECEIVED your message
Clearly, she hated that play
a) She MUST HAVE HATED that play
b) She SHOULD HAVE HATED that play
a) She MUST HAVE HATED that play
Before the quarantine, it wasn't necessary to clean all your groceries
a) You DIDN'T NEED TO clean all your groceries
b) You NEEDN'T HAVE TO clean all your groceries
a) You DIDN'T NEED TO clean all your groceries
REWRITE THIS PHRASE USING A PAST MODAL OF SPECULATION:
Perhaps, Renata forgot the meeting
Renata MAY/MIGHT HAVE forgotten the meeting
Complete the phrase:
"Why is she not here? She __________________ !
I texted her yesterday about this meeting"
A) She can't have forgotten
B) She must have fortten
C) She shouldn't have forgotten
Her bag is still here. It's impossible that she left.
Substitute the second part using a past modal.
She CAN'T/ COULDN'T HAVE left
I regret not listening to her
REWRITE THE PHRASE USING A PAST MODAL
I ...
I should have listened to her
As far as communication is concerned, people had no choice but to send letters before the telephone was invented. (NEEDED)
As far as communication is concerned, people...
As far as communication is concerned, people needed to send letters before the telephone was invented.