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how doe we define a symptom?
A complaint which reflects the patient's subjective experience
what are examples of symptoms
pain, headache, low back pain, weakness etc.
how do we define sign?
other complaints which reflect the objective findings, and can be detected by an observer
when are signs usually found?
during the physical examination
what are examples of signs?
increased blood pressure, leg length disbalance, temperature, pulse frequency etc
How do we characterize Raynaud's syndrome?
a process in which the fingers (and less commonly, the toes) turn different colors (white, blue, and red) in response to certain triggers such as cold or stress
in Raynaud's syndrome what is the white phase due to?
to excessive vasoconstriction and cessation of regional blood flow
what is the white phase followed by in Raynaud's syndrome?
followed by a cyanotic phase as the residual blood in the finger desaturates (blue phase)
what is the red phase due to in Raynaud's syndrome?
due to hyperemia as the attack subsides and blood flow is restored
What is Sjogren's syndrome?
a long-term autoimmune disease that affects the body's moisture-producing gland, exocrine glands
what is pathogenesis?
Pattern of the development of a disease
what are the 2 category of time in pathogenesis?
Acute, Chronic and Subacute
How do we define a chronic disease?
typically has insidious onset (although sometimes it could be abrupt), longer duration - more than 6 weeks.
Example: hypertension, tuberculosis, diabetes etc
How do we define Acute disease?
have a more rapid onset, develops quickly, and usually has a short duration - 7 to 10 days
Example: "common cold", flu (without complications), acute gastroenteritis et
what are the characteristic of Sjogren's syndrome
-xerostomia (dryness in the mouth) difficulty swallowing
- xerophthalmia (dryness in the eyes)
-Vaginal dryness, dry skin, dry nose may also occur
how do we characterize a stomach cancer in which just a small part of the entire stomach involved?
diffuse damage
how do we characterize a stomach cancer in which just a small part of the stomach is involved?
Focal damage
how do we define subacute disease?
(duration is supposedly between 10 days and 6 weeks) is not popular, and is used very rare in the medical practice
How do we describe the distribution of lesions (injury sites) in a particular disease?
local or systemic.
how do we define a local disease?
is the one confined to one region of the body.
Analysis of the signs and symptoms, along with a consideration of pathogenesis, often leads to?
A diagnosis
what are the type of cell injuries?
1. Deficiency
2. intoxication
3. Trauma
what is an example of Cell injury due to primary deficiency?
niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency is presented (the disease is known as pellagra).
what causes pernicious anemia?
there is selective damage of the parietal cells of the stomach which produce so called intrinsic factor, necessary for the vitamin B12 absorption.
what are the forms of exogenous toxins?
1. Infection (bacteria, fungi protozoa)
2. Chemical
3. overdose of some medications