Cell Injury & Adaptations
Injury to this organelle results in cytochrome c release and activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
What is the mitochondrion?
This is the earliest initiating event in atherosclerosis.
What is endothelial injury/dysfunction?
These pancreatic cells are responsible for insulin secretion.
What are beta cells?
This antibody is responsible for Type I hypersensitivity reactions.
What is IgE?
In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), these autoantibodies produce a homogeneous staining pattern in the ANA test
What are anti-dsDNA (OR anti-histone antibodies)?
In response to chronic stress, one differentiated cell type is replaced by another in this process.
What is metaplasia?
This condition results from complete occlusion of a coronary artery by a thrombus.
What is myocardial infarction?
The most common long-term microvascular complication of diabetes affecting vision.
What is diabetic retinopathy?
This type of immune cell releases histamine upon repeated allergen exposure.
What are mast cells? (Basophils OK)
This family of immune-related genes is strongly associated with autoimmune diseases and plays a key role in antigen presentation.
What are HLA genes?
This histological type of necrosis is characteristic of ischemic injury in most solid organs.
What is coagulative necrosis?
This enzyme, secreted by macrophages, degrades the fibrous cap and increases plaque rupture risk.
What are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)?
This hormone, secreted by adipose tissue, enhances insulin sensitivity but is reduced in obesity.
What is adiponectin?
These cytokines, released by epithelial cells, promote Type 2 inflammation.
What are alarmins (TLSP, IL-33, IL-25)
The autoantibodies in Goodpasture’s syndrome attack this basement membrane component.
What is Type IV collagen?
Excess accumulation of this intracellular second messenger can activate multiple enzymes, including ATPases, nucleases, and proteases, leading to cell injury.
What is calcium (Ca²⁺)?
This drug suppresses inflammation in atherosclerosis by disrupting NLRP3 inflammasome formation
What is colchicine?
Diabetic neuropathy is primarily caused by damage to these small blood vessels supplying nerves.
What are the vasa nervorum?
This cytokine, produced by Th2 cells, plays a critical role in eosinophil recruitment in allergic diseases.
What is IL-5?
This group of microorganisms is strongly associated with the onset of Type 1 diabetes.
What are enteroviruses? (Coxsackievirus OK)
This form of cell death occurs when intracellular pathogens block caspase-8
What is necroptosis?
This inherited disorder results in extremely high LDL cholesterol levels and premature atherosclerosis.
What is familial hypercholesterolemia?
This molecule facilitates glucose transport into the cell after insulin binds to its receptor
What is GLUT4 transporter?
This enzyme catalyzes the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, initiating prostaglandin synthesis
What is phospholipase A2?
This molecule, released by fibroblasts, is responsible for osteoclast activation and bone resorption.
What is RANK-ligand?