URINARY DISORDERS
This is the most common type of kidney stone and its causes
What is calcium oxalate stone?
Dehydration; Calcium or Vitamin D supplements; Foods high in calcium and/or oxalates
Urine leakage when sneezing or coughing.
What is stress incontinence?
Burning pain 30–60 minutes after eating is most associated with this condition.
What is GERD?
This drug reduces diarrhea by slowing intestinal motility.
What is loperamide (Imodium)?
This STI presents with a painless chancre in its primary stage, usually located at the primary site of infection
What is syphilis?
Gold standard diagnostic test for kidney stones.
What is CT scan without contrast?
This medication relieves urinary pain but turns urine orange.
What is phenazopyridine (Pyridium)?
Two major causes of peptic ulcer disease.
What are H. pylori and NSAIDs?
This drug class blocks histamine receptors to reduce acid.
What are H2 blockers (e.g., cimetidine)?
This infection causes green, frothy discharge.
What is trichomoniasis?
Chronic UTIs are most associated with this type of stone.
What are struvite stones?
This BPH drug works by blocking conversion of testosterone to DHT.
What is finasteride (Proscar)?
Autoimmune reaction to gluten causing malabsorption.
What is celiac disease?
This medication coats ulcers to promote healing.
What is sucralfate?
First-line treatment for gonorrhea.
What is ceftriaxone + azithromycin?
Urine backing up into the kidney due to obstruction is called this.
What is hydronephrosis?
This type of incontinence occurs when bladder pressure exceeds sphincter control.
What is overflow incontinence?
This complication of GERD increases risk for esophageal cancer.
What is Barrett’s esophagus?
Long-term use of this drug class increases risk for C. diff.
What are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?
This virus causes genital warts and increases cancer risk.
What is HPV?
Three key processes in kidney stone formation.
What are supersaturation, nucleation, and crystal growth?
Why do anticholinergics like oxybutynin cause dry mouth and blurred vision?
What is acetylcholine inhibition?
Acute diarrhea can lead to this acid-base imbalance.
What is metabolic acidosis?
Combination therapy for H. pylori includes a PPI and these two antibiotic classes.
What are clarithromycin and amoxicillin (or metronidazole)?
Secondary stage of this STI presents with rash and systemic symptoms.
What is syphilis?