Diabetes
Where is glucagon produced?
Pancreatic Islet Cells
triggere by Alpha Cells
Cause of hyperpituitarism
Pituitary tumor (adenoma)
Lab values for hyper- and hypo- thyroidism
Hypo
- Low T4, elevated TSH
Hyper
- High T3 & T4, low TSH if primary, high if secondary or tertiary
What is endometeriosis? complications?
progressive inflammatory disease
-caused by retrograde menstruation, spread of cells through vascular or lymph
-complications: chronic pelvic pain, infertility, cysts
What is cirrhosis? Patho?
irreversible inflammatory causes in fibrotic process (normal tissue --> scars)
Patho: oxidative stress --> cell membrane malfunction --> mitochondrial impairment --> altered protein and vit metabolism --> continuous inflammation --> cell damage --> scars (fibrosis)
Difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diab?
Type 1 - predisposition
Type 2 - abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, BP, lifestyle, age, genetics
Cause of gigantism
excessive growth hormone stimulation
s/s of hypothyroidism
weak/fatigue/lethargic/cold
weight GAIN/decreased appetite
yellow skin
slow reflexes
increased serum cholesterol
What is prostatis?
Inflammation of the prostate
cause: spontaneously or as a result of catheterization or procedure
s/s: fever, chills, cloudy urine, pain, dysuria
what role does ammonia have in liver disease?
ammonia --> urea
if the liver does not work it can not be changed into urea
How does ketoacidosis occur? and what does it look like?
Stress from infection
illness
poor control
Look: high glucose, hyperkalemia, low HCO3, fruity breath
excessive glucocorticoid
pituitary (cushing disease)
s/s of hyperthyroidism
weight LOSS/increased appetite
thin skin
hair loss
decreased menstruation
afib - elderly
Patho of prostate cancer
genes that control cell differentiation and growth
androgens act as tumor promoters
altered growth factors
metastasize locally and to lung and bone
what is GERD? what is a peptic ulcer?
GERD: backward movement of acid stomach contents in lower esophagus
-esophagus becomes inflamed, tissues fragile, erosion
Peptic ulcer: superficial erosion in the stomach & duodenum
-caused by nsaids, h pylori
Symptoms of hypoglycemia:
blood glucose <60mg/dl
- irritability, headache, confusion, slurred speech, ataxia, coma, hunger, anxiety, sweating
treatment: carbs
Primary adrenal insufficiency
autoimmune (infection, cancer, bilateral hemorrhage, drugs)
Lack of all adrenal cortical hormones (aldosterone, glucocorticoid, androgens)
Concern of infants with hypothyroidism
Cretinism
- early diagnosis is important
- treat with thyroxine
Manifestation of polycystic ovarian syndrome
Irregular, infrequent ovulation & menstruation
hyper-androgenism (facial hair & acne)
Polycystic ovaries
What population is most affected by Crohn's disease?
Females <30 years old
What is HHS? s/s? treatment?
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (type 2)
-sever hyperglycemia (>600 mg/dl)
s/s: thirst, polyuria, stroke like symptoms
treatment: IV fluids, IV insulin, lytes
Excessive growth hormone (adenoma)
-increased bone width not length
Cause of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Goiter
Hypothyroism
autoimmune disorder
more common in women
Manifestation of chalmydia
most common STI
superficial lesions in the urogenital tract
male: urethritis
femal: mucopurulent discharge, infertility
Early signs and symptoms of colon cancer
bleeding, change in bowel habits