Etiologies
This disease presents in adults as a result of insufficient sunlight exposure or kidney failure.
What is osteomalacia?
Manifestations include water intoxication and symptoms of hyponatremia (such as confusion and potentially seizures).
What is SIADH?
(Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone)
Diagnosed by bone density scans.
What is osteoporosis?
What is PTH?
This releases ADH.
What is the posterior pituitary gland?
These tumors secrete hormones that are unrelated to their tissue.
What are ectopic cancers?
Patient experiences pain, swelling, impaired mobility, noticeable deformities, pathological fractures, and compression fractures (back pain and height loss).
What is osteoporosis?
This test measures the concentration of solutes in the urine.
What is Urine Specific Gravity (USG)?
Stimulates calcium deposition via osteoblasts.
What is Calcitonin?
This is overactive in pheochromocytoma patients.
What is the adrenal medulla?
These cells are proliferated in the adrenal medulla, causing pheochromocytoma.
What are chromaffin cells?
Manifestations resemble a sympathetic response; dangerously high BP, bounding palpitations, sweating, anxiety, and tremors.
What is pheochromocytoma?
Labs show decreased ADH and a low USG.
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
Increases serum calcium via stimulation of osteoclasts to release calcium from bone.
What is Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?
Hyperfunction of these can be inadvertently dangerous to the nervous system.
What are the parathyroid glands?
This disease has an unknown etiology that causes osteoclasts to be overactive and osteoblasts to misplace bone.
Bones become soft and brittle. This causes pain, physical deformities, and can lead to compression fractures.
What is Paget's Disease?
Labs show low serum calcium and low PTH.
What is primary hypoparathyroidism?
Decreased levels of this hormone are implicated in post-menopausal patients with osteoporosis.
What is estrogen?
Decreases both reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys AND absorption of calcium in the GI tract.
What is the thyroid gland?
Diabetes Insipidus that occurs due to renal tubule damage preventing the kidneys from responding to ADH.
What is nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus?
(neurogenic is caused by the posterior pituitary failing to release ADH)
Patient experiences bone pain, neurological symptoms (such as confusion & headache), kidney stone formation, and eventually coma if untreated.
What is hypercalcemia?
(will also accept hyperparathyroidism)
Urinary tests would show elevations in epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines).
What is pheochromocytoma?
Regulated by baroreceptors detecting changes in blood volume and osmoreceptors detecting changes in osmolarity.
What is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
Dysfunction can cause paresthesia, muscle excitability, tetany, and seizures.
What are the parathyroid glands?